C

Question 1

What were Charles’ personal qualities?

Answer 1

shy, cold, lacked self confidence (so attached to bigger personalities, eg: Buckingham), difficult to advise

Question 2

What were Charles’ religious views?

Answer 2

had a taste for aspects of Arminianism, attempted to mend/define the grey areas of church -> led to an end of peaceful harmony

Question 3

What was Charles’ political skill?

Answer 3

ignored lots of advice, lacked basic political skills, man of conscience

Question 4

Charles’ foreign policy in 1625?

Answer 4

Anglo-Dutch attack on Cadiz = disaster (whole army got drunk), Charles’ marriage to Catholic Henrietta Maria

Question 5

Charles’ foreign policy in 1626?

Answer 5

worsening relationship with France due to royal marriage, treatment of English Catholics, Buckingham and trade war

Question 6

What was La Rochelle and its consequences?

Answer 6

1627 - Buckingham leads a force => leads to his assassination and also war with Spain and France

Question 7

What were some foreign policies in Charles’ personal rule?

Answer 7

Treaty of Susa and Treaty of Madrid -> peace with Catholic powers

Question 8

Why was finance a point of disagreement between Charles and his parliament?

Answer 8

parliament agreed to vote new King tonnage and poundage only for a year, Charles needed the money so collected it before it was approved (eg: forced loans)

Question 9

Why was foreign policy a point of disagreement between Charles and his parliament?

Answer 9

Mansfield + Cadiz - parliament blamed Buckingham, parliament wanted to fight in a war that they wouldn’t finance

Question 10

Why was parliamentary privilege a point of disagreement between Charles and his parliament?

Answer 10

Charles didn’t believe in parliament’s privileges (eg: Earl of Arundel, Sir John Eliot, Sir Dudley Digges)

Question 11

What was the Petition of Right?

Answer 11

1628: MPs drew it up to get the king to acknowledge that:
- illegal to raise taxes without parliament’s consent
- illegal to imprison people without showing why
- illegal to impose forced billeting
- illegal to impose martial law
initially he accepted, but within a year he dissolved parliament

Question 12

Why did the parliament propose the Petition of Right?

Answer 12

because they thought Charles couldn’t be trusted to rule with an ambiguous unwritten constitution

Question 13

What was Forced loans and the Five Knights case?

Answer 13

Charles needed money for the war, so imposed forced loans - those who didn’t pay were imprisoned
1627 - 5 men were arrested for ^^, they challenged imprisonment and went to trial but the king won

Question 14

Why was religion an issue with James and his parliament?

Answer 14

growing fear of Catholicism, Commons threatened death penalty for anyone who tried to change the Church of England, Charles allowing Montague to be published, York house conference

Question 15

What was the Parliament’s protestation in 1629?

Answer 15

critique of taking poundage and tonnage and of appointment of Arminians

Question 16

What was the Book of Orders?

Answer 16

for JPs and sheriffs clarifying their responsibilities, creating a rigid system that was firmly under centralised authority - measures for James/Elizabeth’s reign

Question 17

How did Charles deal with the nobility in his personal rule?

Answer 17

commanded them to leave London for 40 days

Question 18

What was Popish soap?

Answer 18

Lord Treasures Portland and his friends obtained monopolies, Catholic backers, Crown’s annual profit rose to £30K in 1630s

Question 19

What was Fenland drainage?

Answer 19

1637 - Charles increased his share from 12K to 57K acres
peasants rioted as the rich seized the best lands - became grievance in the long parliament, example of ‘arbitary government tyranny’

Question 20

What happened at the York House conference?

Answer 20

Charles sent Buckingham instead of going himself (shows his character) and Buckingham supports Anti-Calvinist views in Charles’ name

Question 21

What was Wentworth’s “thorough” in the North?

Answer 21

policy of accountability, a government that looked closely at the actions of officials (due to inefficiency of the local government), it was done to favour centre over locality

Question 22

Political ideas and methods of Thorough

Answer 22

authority of the king as the foundation of the government, disciplined action, order and hierarchy

Question 23

Policies to strengthen royal authority?

Answer 23

1631 Book of orders: for JPs and sherifs, tried to enforce the King’s peace -> Rule of Council of the North, improving the militia

Question 24

Policies to improve Royal Revenue

Answer 24

ensures local tax collection

Question 25

Policies to impose Laudanism on the church

Answer 25

imposition of rigid order in the church, beauty in the churches

Question 26

What were Wentworth’s policies in Ireland?

Answer 26

raised income from customs duties, persuaded the Irish Parliament to grant 6 subsidies in 1634, created and Irish army paid by the Irish for Crown, introduced the Anglican 39 articles into the Irish church in 1934

Question 27

Examples of collection of ordinary revenue to raise finance in the PR?

Answer 27

rents from Crown lands, purveyance, wardship, tonnage & poundage

Question 28

Examples of finding new income from old laws to raise finance in the PR?

Answer 28

distrait of knight hood, revival of forest laws

Question 29

Examples of extending current taxes over more areas to raise finance in the PR?

Answer 29

fines for breaching building regulations, ship money

Question 30

Problems of finances in the PR?

Answer 30

fiscal insufficiency, resentment of unfair taxes, feelings that Parliament should decide, corruption (eg Popish soap)

Question 31

What was the policy of ship money?

Answer 31

initially due to the need to raise £200k to finance a fleet capable of defeating the French - but became annual tax from 1636 onwards

Question 32

What was the Hampden case?

Answer 32

John Hampden refused to pay so Charles took him to court -> Charles only won by narrow majority (7 to 5) which highlighted the strain of the PR

Question 33

What is the difference of Ship money collected in 1636 vs 1639?

Answer 33

1636: 96% vs 1639: 25% - tax strike for religious and political reasons

Question 34

Successes of finance in the PR?

Answer 34

tackled fiscal insufficiency + functional breakdown + wiped out debt

Question 35

Failures of finance in the PR?

Answer 35

Hampden court case, 1639 tax strike, calling of Short and Long parliament (who got rid of increased taxes)

Question 36

Laud’s policies to reinforce clerical authority

Answer 36

strict conformity to Book of Common Prayer + 39 articles as required by law, bowing at the name of Jesus and removal of Sermons

Question 37

Laud’s policies to emphasise ceremonies and the ‘Beauty of Holiness’

Answer 37

greater emphasis on ceremony and ritual, St Paul’s Cathedral restoration, altar policy (at the east end of chapel)

Question 38

Laud’s policies to restrict preaching

Answer 38

encouraged the clergy to preach sermons supporting the divine nature of royal authority, 1633: dissolution of the Feoffes for Impropriations

Question 39

Laud’s policies to clamp down on dissent

Answer 39

hostile books and pamphlets censored, prosecution of opposition (through courts)

Question 40

Examples of resistance for Laud’s policies?

Answer 40

Lord Brooke’s circle at Warwick castle, 15000 emigrated to New England in 1630s due to religion

Question 41

Examples of conformity/belief for Laud’s policies?

Answer 41

Laudanism appealed to more ordinary folk due to appeal to the senses and general conformity -> most were illiterate so lack of records

Question 42

Puritan protests to Laud?

Answer 42

the trial of Prynne, Bestwick & Burton:
1637: above Puritans accused of attacking bishops, from prison Prynne published pamphlets, all of them were mutilated, pillared and imprisoned

Question 43

What was the Prayer Book Revolt?

Answer 43

in July 1637, reading of the new Prayer Book at St Giles was disrupted by insults and stools and rocks thrown

Question 44

When and what was the first Bishops’ war?

Answer 44

1638: war against Bishops, Charles lost due to poorly trained militia, no finances and no support -> in Feb National Covenant is drawn up

Question 45

When and what was the second Bishops’ war?

Answer 45

1640: little resistance from Charles, Oct: Treaty of Ripon, Charles had to pay £850k/day + occupation of Newcastle

Question 46

Impact of Scottish opposition?

Answer 46

great strain on finances (military bill of £200K), his willingness to use Catholic Irish forces against Scotland aroused apprehension in England

Question 47

Why did the Scots have a different response to the Book of Common Prayer?

Answer 47

Charles as an absent king, majority of Scotland being Calvinists, Reformation was swift and aggressive in Scotland

Question 48

What were the official vs suspected activities of the Providence Island Company?

Answer 48

colonisation of the West Indian Island of Providence -> hatred for Laudanism, working with Covenanters (tax refusal, preperation for Scots), promotion of passive resistance

Question 49

What was the level of influence of the Providence Island company?

Answer 49

a vehicle of covert opposition, great influence in the House of Lords, in the legal system (Oliver St John)