Dynamic development Flashcards
What is meant by development?
state 3 types of development.
The improvement in the quality of life.
Aspects of development:
- Economic: Progress in economic growth.
- Social: Improvement in living standards.
- Environmental: Advances in the management and protection of the environment
How can countries be classified?
AC (advanced countries) - stage 5 of Rostow’s Model
EDC (emerging developing countries) stage 3 and 4 of Rostow’s model
LIDC (low income developing countries) stage 1 and 2 of Rostow’s model
What is the level of development in a country:
The measure of a country’s CURRENT amount of development.
^this relates to the social and economic amount of development
Global distribution of LIDCs, EDCs and ADCs:
ACs - typically in North America and Europe.
EDCs - South/Central America and Asia
LIDCs - Tropical Africa with some in South East Asia.
2 ways at which we can measure development:
Human development index (HDI):
- measure mainly social and some economic measures of development in a country.
- relating to health, education and GNI
GNI per capita: Gross National Income.
what is it? An economic measurement of development and
- The amount of money in USD, made by a country annually though the goods and services it sells per person.
^^these show us that the distribution of development hugely varies on a different geographical scales.
4 Human factors which have led to uneven development:
History - certain countries have been historically recorded to have developed and industrialise earlier than others which affects their current development today, eg European countries - which created large empires through exploitation to make them wealthy- making them wealthier than the rest of the world.
Trade - Mose TNCs are based in ACs. These TNCs create increase development of Acs and decrease that of LIDCs as they source cheaper materials, and cheap labour from LIDCs and export them to global markets using globalised container shipping. They pay tax to AC govt. where their HQs are based enriching their economies.
Technology - technological infrastructure such as power stations allows for constant supply of electricity in Acs allowing for businesses to thrive - increasing wealth (contrary to LIDCs).
Healthcare: better funded healthcare systems in Acs eg NHS means lower mortality rate so ppl live longer and healthier lives and can work more increasing wealth, unlike those in LIDCs.
2 Physical factors which have led to uneven development:
Landlocked locations: No access to sea means less trade - also, less job opportunities for people working in ports etc. These countries become less attractive to TNCs.
Extreme climate - eg drought in countries in the tropics eg African countries means less rainfall for commercial crop growth. Less jobs for farmers - negative impact on economy and ALSO more malnourishment.
Factors that make it hard for countries to break out of poverty:
- Debt: less money to be able to invest in tech. education, health and infrastructure. eg. in 1950s and 60s many LIDCs borrowed money for infrastructural development, but in 1970s interest rates increased making it harder for these countries to pay back leading them into excess debt.
- Political unrest: eg wars cause businesses to close - less economic profit and also stops TNCs from trading meaning that they can’t earn money. Infrastructure eg roads are damaged meaning that children can’t go to skl to receive an education, and ppl can’t go to work to receive income - this causes ‘undevelopment’.
CASE STUDY:
Ethiopia
