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haematology > dums ppt > Flashcards

dums ppt Flashcards

1
Q

life span of a red blood cell

A

120 days

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2
Q

life span of a neutrophil

A

7-8 hours

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3
Q

life span of a platelet

A

7-10 days

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4
Q

function of neutrophils

A

acute inflammation

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5
Q

what is this

A

neutrophil

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6
Q

what is this

A

eosinophils

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7
Q

function of eosinophils

A

allergy, parasites

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8
Q

what is this

A

basophil

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9
Q

function of basophils

A

IgE mediated reaction

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10
Q

what two types of stem cells does a blood stem cell produce

A

myeloid and lymphoid

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11
Q

what does a myeloid stem cell produce

A

-myeloblast
-erythrocyte
-megakaryocyte

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12
Q

what do myeloblasts produce

A

granulocytes
-basophil
-eosinophil
-neutrophil

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13
Q

what happens in hypoxia

A

Hypoxia sensed by the kidney, EPO produced by the kidneys, RBC production stimulated, EPO drops, repeat

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14
Q

what is the erythron

A

total mass of circulating RBC’s, their precursors and tissues that produce them

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15
Q

what does the spleen do

A

recycles old cells into iron, bilirubin and amino acids

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16
Q

what are the amino acids used for in erythropoiesis

A

to make globin

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17
Q

what does iron do in erythropoiesis

A

attached to heam

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18
Q

where is blood made in a foetus

A

-yolk sac til week 10
-liver from week 6
-spleen 3rd-7th month
-marrow starts week 16

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19
Q

where is blood made at birth

A

mostly bone marrow
-liver and spleen if needed

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20
Q

where is blood made in an adult

A

bone marrow in axial skeleton

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21
Q

what is the active form of marrow and why

A

red cause it contains blood stem cell whereas yellow is mostly fat

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22
Q

what is this

A

red pulp of spleen

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23
Q

what is this

A

white pulp of slpeenm

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24
Q

what is the red pulp in the spleen

A

-vascular sieve
-phagocytoses old RBC’s and breaks them into iron and bilirubin

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25
Q

white pulp in the spleen

A

immunological
-white cells

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26
Q

splenomegaly triad of symptoms

A

-dragging LUQ sensation
-discomfort eating
-pain

27
Q

causes of increased spleen function

A

-haemolysis
-infection (mono)
-autoimmune disease
-extramedullary haematopoiesis

28
Q

cause of increased blood flow into the spleen

A

portal hypertension

29
Q

causes of hyposplenism

A

-splenectomy
-sickle cell disease
-coeliac disease
-sarcoidosis
-iatrogenic

30
Q

what would hyposplenism cause to be seen on a blood film and why

A

abnormal red cells
-vascular sieve is lost

31
Q

blood film after a splenectomy

A

howell-jolly bodies
target cells

32
Q

how long should someone avoid contact sport for after EBV infection

A

2 months
-even if no splenomegaly

33
Q

normal Hb

A

males >= 130
females >= 120

34
Q

what is haemodilution

A

false anaemia caused by excess fluids

35
Q

what does haematocrit measure

A

the proportion of RBCs in blood

36
Q

if someone with anaemia doesn’t respond to iron treatment, which type of anaemia do they most likely have

A

sideroblastic
-as this type is an issue with attaching the iron to the haemoglobin not iron production

37
Q

can you give someone who’s coeliac and has anaemia iron treatment

A

no
-because the issue is with iron absorption

38
Q

where is iron absorbed

A

jejunum

39
Q

what is seen on blood films in iron deficiency anaemia

A

-hypochromic cells (pale)
-small rbcs
-pencil poikilocytes
-target cells

40
Q

what happens when iron is reduced in iron deficiency anaemia

A
41
Q

iron/ferritin - low
transferrin - low
transferrin sats - low/normal

A

anaemia of chronic disease

42
Q

iron/ferritin - low
transferrin - high
transferrin sats - low

A

iron deficiency

43
Q

iron/ferritin - high
transferrin - high/normal
transferrin sats - high

A

iron overload

44
Q

why are rbcs big in megaloblastic anaemia

A

impairment of DNA
-precursor cells fail to become smaller
-red cells have DNA impairment so increase in apoptosis leading to anaemia

45
Q

where is folate absorbed

A

duodenum and jejunum

46
Q

examples of increased demand for folate

A

-pregnancy
-haemolysis
-malignancy
-inflammatory disease

47
Q

what drugs can cause folate deficiency

A

anti convulsants

48
Q

what happens if you treat folate and B12 is low

A

will cause subacute degeneration of the spinal cord

49
Q

where is B12 absorbed

A

terminal ileum

50
Q

which drugs can cause B12 deficiency

A

PPI

51
Q

when does IF bind to B12 and why

A

after the ampulla of Vater due to the change in pH brought about by pancreatic secretions

52
Q

how can B12 deficiency cause neurological symptoms

A

because its involved in the production of the myelin sheath

53
Q

what is the MCV in sickle cell anaemia

A

normal

54
Q

is there reticulocytosis in sickle cell anaemia

A

yes

55
Q

how long do sickle red blood cells live

A

10-12 days
-patient is in chronic haemolysis

56
Q

chronic sickle cell anaemia issues

A

-sequestration in liver/spleen
-chronic haemolysis
-hyposplenism due to repeated infarcts = increased infection risk

57
Q

what is aplastic anaemia

A

immune system attacking haemopoietic stem cells in marrow

58
Q

causes of pancytopenia: decreased production

A

-inherited
-acquired 1 marrow failure
-acquired 2 marrow failure

59
Q

causes of pancytopenia: increased destruction

A

hypersplenism
-slows transit of cells through spleen = more time to be broken down

60
Q

what is compensated haemolysis

A

reticulocytosis and maintained Hb

61
Q

what is decompensated haemolysis

A

present with signs, low Hb

62
Q

what haemopoiesis for ALL

A

monoclonal

63
Q

Auer rods

A

AML

haematology (12 decks)

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