CORE from lectures

Question 1

glycophorin A

Answer 1

red cells

Question 2

what is malignant haemopoiesis characterised by

Answer 2

-increased numbers of abnormal and dysfunctional cells
-loss of normal activity

Question 3

if there is increased proliferation in the absence of a stimulus what does this mean

Answer 3

CANCER

Question 4

what type of proliferation in acute leukaemia

Answer 4

proliferation of abnormal progenitors with block in differentiation/maturation

Question 5

what type of proliferation in chronic leukaemias

Answer 5

proliferation of abnormal progenitors but NO block in differentiation/maturation

Question 6

what is a clone

Answer 6

population of cells derived from a single parent cell
-the parent cell has a genetic marker (driver mutation or chromosomal change) that is shared by the daughter cells

Question 7

is normal haemopoiesis polyclonal or monoclonal

Answer 7

polyclonal

Question 8

is malignant haemopoiesis polyclonal or monoclonal

Answer 8

monoclonal

Question 9

what are driver mutations

Answer 9

confer a growth advantage on the cells and are selected during the evolution of cancer

Question 10

features of histological aggression (i.e acute leukaemias and high grade lymphomas)

Answer 10

-large cells with high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
-prominent nucleoli
-rapid proliferation
-acute involves primitive part

Question 11

what is maturation

Answer 11

descendents acquire functional properties and may stop proliferating

Question 12

what is self renewal

Answer 12

a property of stem cells, lost in descendents

Question 13

where is haemopoiesis prenatally

Answer 13

-yolk sac til 2.5 months
-liver the whole time but peaks at 5 months
-spleen kinda until 7 months
-bone marrow from 4 months to birth

Question 14

where is haemopoiesis until 70yrs old

Answer 14

-mostly vertebra
-then sternum
-then ribs

Question 15

where is a bone marrow biopsy taken

Answer 15

iliac crest
or sternum

Question 16

where is a bone marrow biopsy taken in a young child

Answer 16

tibia

Question 17

what is immunophenotyping

Answer 17

identify patterns of protein expression unique to a cell lineage
-use antibodies in combination, specific to different antigens

Question 18

what is the likely diagnosis if there is an excess of blasts

Answer 18

acute leukaemia

Question 19

what does acute leukaemia primarily affect (what lineage)

Answer 19

primitive haematopoietic compartment

Question 20

what organism is most likely to be fatal within hours if untreated

Answer 20

gram negative bacillus