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Bachelor of Paramedic Science > Drugs - Pharmacology, Metabolism, Special Notes and Pharmacokinetics > Flashcards

Drugs - Pharmacology, Metabolism, Special Notes and Pharmacokinetics Flashcards

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1
Q

1 - 3 Mild Pain Analgesic Requirements

A

May not require analgesia
Consider non pharmacological approaches
Consider non opiod analgesia - paracetamol, ibuprofen

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2
Q

4 - 6 Moderate Pain Analgesic Requirements

A

Consider:
mild pain analgesic steps
non opioid analgesia - Paracetamol, ibuprofen

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3
Q

7 - 10 Severe Pain Analgesic Requirements

A

Consider mild and moderate treatment steps

Will require NAS, IM, IV analgesia - Penthrane, fentanyl, morphine

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4
Q

Adrenaline Metabolism

A

Metabolised by sympathetic nerve endings and subject to mitochondrial enzymatic breakdown by monoamine oxidase at the synaptic level

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5
Q

Adrenaline pharmacology in asthma

A

sympathomimetic agent that is an alpha and beta adrenergic receptor antagonist that makes the heart beat faster and harder due to alpha 1 causing peripheral vasoconstriction and beta 1 increasing ventricular irritability, contractile force, conductivity and AV node. Beta 2 stabilises mast cells to negate their deregulatory effect

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6
Q

Adrenaline pharmacology in anaphylaxis

A

sympathomimetic agent which is an alpha and beta adrenergic receptor antagonist that makes the heart beat faster and harder due to alpha 1 causing peripheral vasoconstriction and beta 1 increasing ventricular irritability, contractile force, conductivity and AV node. Beta 2 stabilises mast cells to negate their deregulatory effect

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7
Q

Adrenaline pharmacology in cardiac arrest

A

sympathomimetic agent which is an alpha and beta adrenergic receptor antagonist that makes the heart beat faster and harder due to alpha 1 causing peripheral vasoconstriction and beta 1 increasing ventricular irritability, contractile force, conductivity and AV node. Beta 2 stabilises mast cells to negate their deregulatory effect

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8
Q

Adrenaline pharmacology in croup

A

reduces bronchial and tracheal epithelial permeability decreasing airway oedema, increasing airway radius and improving airflow.

It improves Westley Croup Scores at 30 minutes.

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9
Q

Adrenaline Special Notes

A

1: 1,000 (1 mg/mL) adrenaline (epinephrine) presentation should be used for all nebuliser administration
1: 10,000 (100 microg/1 mL ) or a 1 : 100,000 (10 microg/1 mL ) adrenaline (epinephrine) preparation should be used for all low dose IM/IV injections

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10
Q

Aspirin Metabolism

A

converted to salicyclic acid primarily in the GI mucosea and liver
excreted by the kidneys

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11
Q

Aspirin Pharmacology

A

prevents platelets from aggregating to exposed collagen fibres at the site of vascular injury

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12
Q

Aspirin Special Notes

A

Patients with suspected ACS or acute pulmonary oedema who have had less than 300 mg aspirin in the previous 24 hours should be administered a dose of aspirin that equates to a total daily dose of 300–450 mg

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13
Q

Ceftriaxone Metabolism

A

Excreted as a variety of active and inactive metabolites through urine, bile and faeces

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14
Q

Ceftriaxone Pharmacology

A

A third generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a bactericidal action

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15
Q

Ceftriaxone Special Notes

A

Due to adverse affects associate with IM administration, IV administration is preferred

Rapid administration of large doses may result in seizures due to high sodium content

All cannula and IV lines must be flushed thoroughly with sodium chloride 0.9% following each administration

Prepared in aseptic manner

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16
Q

Dexamethasone Metabolism

A

metabolised by the liver and excreted by the kidneys

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17
Q

Dexamethasone Pharmacology

A

Long-acting synthetic corticosteroid that produces anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects

Presumed effect is vasoconstrictive actions in the upper airway, followed by systemic antiinflammatory effect

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18
Q

Dexamethasone Special Notes

A

the preferred corticosteroid for the treatment of croup due to its lower hospital re-presentation rate

All patients administered dexamethasone for the treatment of croup must be transported to an appropriate health facility for assessment

The Westley Croup Score must be used by all officers to assess croup severity

Administer with syringe or clean spoon

Mix with small amount of sweet ingestible liquid

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19
Q

Fentanyl Metabolism

A

metabolised by the liver, excreted by the kidneys

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20
Q

Fentanyl Pharmacology

A

synthetic narcotic analgesic that acts on the central nervous system by binding with the opioid receptors

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21
Q

Fentanyl Special Notes

A

When combined narcotic (morphine and fentanyl) therapy is administered, the total max dose must be calculated using a combination of all morphine and MME (eg fentanyl) medication

Hypotensive adult Pts (SBP 90 mmHg) all incremental fentanyl doses must be no greater than 25 microg for IV and 50 microg for IM

CCP backup required in fentanyl administration to hypotensive pts

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22
Q

Glucagon Metabolism

A

Metabolised by the liver, kidneys and in the plasma

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23
Q

Glucagon Pharmacology

A

Hyperglycaemic agent that mobilises hepatic glycogen which is released into the blood as glucose with inotropic and chronotropic effects not mediated through beta-receptors

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24
Q

Glucagon Special Notes

A

Oral carbs should be given when the Pt has responded to glucagon to restore liver glycogen and prevent secondary hypoglycaemia

low threshold for glucagon administration in hypotensive/shocked anaphylaxis Pts when presenting with heart failure and/or prescribed beta blocker therapy

Prepare in aseptic manner, disinfect rubber stopper of vial with antimicrobial swab and allow to dry before piercing

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25
Q

Glucose 10% Metabolism

A

Broken down in most tissues and distributed throughout total body water

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26
Q

Glucose 10% Pharmacology

A

A sugar that is the principal energy source for body cells, especially the brain

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27
Q

Glucose 10% Special Notes

A

the preferred treatment for hypoglycaemia for patients unable to take oral glucose due to its rapid onset and ability to quickly restore blood glucose concentration to normal values

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28
Q

Glucose Gel Metabolism

A

Broken down in most tissues and distributed throughout total body water

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29
Q

Glucose Gel Pharmacology

A

Quickly absorbed in the intestinal tract - principal energy source for body cells, especially the brain.

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30
Q

Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) Metabolism

A

readily absorbed and metabolised by the liver

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31
Q

Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) Pharmacology

A

decreases preload and afterload, dilates blood vessels to allow blood through the coronary veins and arteries and pools blood in peripheral veins

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32
Q

Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) Special Notes

A

Subling GTN first line Tx for ACS, however IV GTN should be considered as part of the mgmt regime for all Pts unresponsive to subling GTN, narcotics and/or blockers

GTN is first line Tx for autonomic dysreflexia, however morphine should be considered as part of the mgmt regime if Pt unresponsive to initial Tx

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33
Q

Hydrocortisone Metabolism

A

Metabolised by the liver, excreted by the kidneys

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34
Q

Hydrocortisone Pharmacology

A

Inhibit the inflammatory action of the phospholipase A2 enzyme and used for multiple reasons for infections in a variety of setting for long term disease processes

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35
Q

Hydrocortisone Special Notes

A

Each 100 mg hydrocortisone vial is to be reconstituted with 2 mL sodium chloride 0.9% or water for injection

All canulae and IV lines must be flushed thoroughly with sodium chloride 0.9% following each medication administration

Prepare in aseptic manner, disinfect rubber stopper with antimicrobial swab and allow to dry before piercing

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36
Q

Ibuprofen metabolism

A

Metabolised by the liver and exreted mainly by the kidneys

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37
Q

Ibuprofen pharmacology

A

Non-selective NSAID that inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins resulting in analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory actions

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38
Q

Ibuprofen Special Notes

A

Consider previous doses by the Pt, carer, parent or guardian

Administer with or shortly following food/milk

Can be used in conjunction with paracetamol for additional pain relief

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39
Q

Ipratropium bromide Metabolism

A

metabolised by the liver and excreted by the kidneys

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40
Q

Ipratropium bromide Pharmacology

A

Antimuscurinic agent that promotes bronchodilation by inhibiting cholinergic bronchomotor tone

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41
Q

Ipratropium bromide Special Notes

A

Must be administered in conjunction with salbutamol - solutions may be mixed and administered via the same nebuliser mask

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42
Q

Loratadine Metabolism

A

absorbed in the GI tract with rapid first-pass hepatic metabolism

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43
Q

Loratadine Pharmacology

A

long acting, second generation peripheral histamine H1 receptor antagonist

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44
Q

Loratadine Special Notes

A

Antihistamines have no role in the Tx or prevention of respiratory or cardiovascular symptoms in anaphylaxis

May be administered with or without food

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45
Q

Methoxyflurane metabolism

A

Metabolised by the liver and excreted mainly by the lungs

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46
Q

Methoxyflurane pharmacology

A

More susceptible to metabolism than other halogenated ethers and has a greater propensity to diffuse into fatty tissue

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47
Q

Methoxyflurane Special Notes

A

At no time should unconsciousness be deliberately induced using methoxyflurane

The lowest dose of methoxyflurane to provide analgesia should be used

Pt not to be left unattended

If the Pt prefers simultaneous inhalation through both nose and mouth, the inhaler may be connected into a standard anaesthetic face mask prior to administration

Only one dose of 3 mL should be administered per Pt whilst in the ambulance

No single officer should administer more than 2 doses in the ambulance per shift

Where possible, ambulance should be adequately ventilated

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48
Q

Midazolam Metabolism

A

Metabolised by the liver, excreted by the kidneys

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49
Q

Midazolam Pharmacology

A

Short acting CNS depressant that enhances the action of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, inducing amnesia, anaesthesia, hypnosis and sedation

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50
Q

Midazolam Special Notes

A

Focal seizure activity in an unconscious or altered (GCS_<_12) treated as a generalised seizure - GCS >12 contact QAS Clinical Consultation and Advice Line

Take into account previous doses prior to arrival of midazolam or diazepam

Contact QAS Clinical Consltation and Advice Line if not responding to QAS initiated Tx

First dose of midazolam for seizures must be administered NAS or IM injection unless IV cannula already in situ

All IV doses must be diluted with sodium chloride 0.9% to make 5 mg midazolam in 5 mL presentation

51
Q

Morphine Metabolism

A

Metablised by the liver, kidneys and lungs

52
Q

Morphine Pharmacology

A

Narcotic analgesic that acts on CNS by binding with opioid receptors altering pain perception processes and emotional response to pain. Causes respiratory depression, vasodilation, decreases gag reflex and slows AV node conduction.

53
Q

Morphine Special Notes

A

When combined narcotic (orphine and fentanyl) therapy is administered, the total maximum dose is to be calculated using a combination of all morphine and morphine milligram equivalent (MME) medication (eg fentanyl), eg 10 mg morphine and 100 microg fentanyl would equl the ACP total max dose of 20 mg MME

When administered to hypotensive Pt, ACPs must call for CCP backup where available

Hypotensive adult Pts (SBP < 90 mmHg), all incremental morphine doses are to be no greater than 2.5 mg IV or 5 mg IM

Single IM dose morphine is suitable anagesic for moderate to severe labour pain in full term mothers. Advise receiving hospital of dose.

54
Q

Ondansetron Special Notes

A

ampoules should be protected from light

IV cannula not to be inserted for ondansetron administration only

transient adverse effects have been reported with rapid IV injections

55
Q

Ondonsetron Metabolism

A

metabolised by the liver and excreted by the kidneys

56
Q

Ondonsetron Pharmacology

A

Serotonin 5-HT3 antagonist which inhibits the vagus nerve and blocks serotonin receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone

57
Q

Oxygen Metabolism

A

N/A

58
Q

Oxygen Pharmacology

A

A colourless, odourless gas essential for the production of cellular energy

59
Q

Oxygen Special Notes

A

Diving accidents are not covered by this DTP - administer high flow oxygen

Sat monitors unable to differentiate between carboxyhaemoglobin and oxyhaemoglobin, therefore carbon monoxide poising Pts must be administered the maximum oxygen dose irrespective of SpO2 readings

COPD Pts must have a rate of 6 L/min - all other Pts at 8 L/min

FiO2 levels influenced by delivery systems, rep rate and open or closed mouth

60
Q

Oxytocin Metabolism

A

metabolised by the liver and excreted by the kidneys

61
Q

Oxytocin Pharmacology

A

Stimulates uterine contractions by altering calcium concentrations within the uterine muscle cells increasing it tonicity

62
Q

Oxytocin Special Notes

A

Oxytocin is only to be administered to the consenting patient - women who prefer a physiological management must birth the placenta unaided, by maternal effort and the natural force of gravity

to allow for the benefits of delayed cord clamping it is acceptable to do a modified active third stage management by waiting until the cord has stopped pulsating to administer oxytocin. This is particularly important in neonatal resuscitation where the baby is resuscitated between the mum’s legs to receive the benefit of a pulsing cord and placental perfusion.

63
Q

Paracetamol Metabolism

A

Metabolised by the liver, excreted by the kidneys

64
Q

Paracetamol pharmacology

A

A p-aminophenol derivative that exhibits analgesic and antipyretic activity. It does not possess significant anti-inflammatory activity

65
Q

Paracetamol Special Notes

A

Consider previous doses administered

May be administered with or without food

66
Q

Salbutamol Metabolism

A

metabolised by the liver, excreted by the kidneys

67
Q

Salbutamol Pharmacology

A

Acts on B2 adrenoreceptors causing bronchodilation, inotropic and chronotropic actions. It stimulates the sodium/potassium ATPase pump, increasing intracellular K+ and reducing serum K+.

inotropic = heart contractility
chronotropic = increased HR
68
Q

Salbutamol Special Notes

A

When clinically appropriate, MDI is preferred to minisise aerosol generation, especially if infectious

Different preparation for IM and IV - using the incorrect one will cause serious adverse effects

COPD Pts received NEB salbutamol at 6 L/min, all other Pts at 8 L/min

Nebulised salbutamol will reduce serum potassium by 0.5 - 1 mmol/L within 30 minutes

Nebules to be stored within foil packet and discarded three months after opening - write date on packet when opened

69
Q

Sodium chloride 0.9% metabolism

A

100% bioavailability. Excess sodium is predominantly excreted by the kidneys.

70
Q

Sodium chloride 0.9% pharmacology

A

Electrolyte replenisher for maintenance or replacement of fluid and a vehicle for parenteral drug administration

71
Q

Sodium Chloride 0.9% Special Notes

A

Use of volume expansion in uncontrolled haemorrhage (without concurrent TBI) may be associated with poor outcomes - only administer the minimum amount of IV/IO fluid to maintain a radial pulse

Hypotension with a concurrent TBI is associated with poor outcomes - only administer the minimum amount of IV fluid required to maintain a systolic BP 100 - 120mmHg (adult)

Excessive fluid infusion may lead to neurogenic pulmonary oedema in the spinal cord injured patient

Too rapid infusion of fluids in a patient without fluid deficit, or with underlying cardiac problems, may cause pulmonary oedema and congestive heart failure

A gentle fluid challenge may be considered for patients with suspected right ventricular infarct (following 12-Lead ECG acquisition with V4R) and no signs of left ventricular failure (e.g. pulmonary oedema)

BD PosiFlushSP pre-filled are for vascular devices only and NOT for any dry product reconstitution AND/OR medication dilution

72
Q

Sucrose 24% Metabolism

A

mucosal absorption with hepatic metabolism

73
Q

Sucrose 24% Pharmacology

A

increases endogenous opioids resulting in approximately 5−8 mins of analgesia in infants

74
Q

Sucrose 24% Special Notes

A

Alternate support measures (e.g. breast feeding, appropriate positioning, distraction) should always precede oral sucrose administration

Oral sucrose is not considered appropriate for the management of continuing pain or distress

Oral sucrose to manage mpain should be used in conjunction with analgesics (eg paracetamol, NAS fentanyl)

75
Q

Tranexamic Acid (TXA) Metabolism

A

metabolised by the liver, excreted by the kidneys

76
Q

Tranexamic Acid (TXA) Pharmacology

A

Stops the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, stopping the breakdown of fibrin and promoting clot strength, inhibiting lysis.

77
Q

Water for injection metabolism

A

N/A

78
Q

Water for injection pharmacology

A

Sterilised H2O

79
Q

Water for Injection Special Notes

A

QAS medications approved for dilution with water for injection include: ceftriaxone, glucagon, hydrocortisone and ketamine

Water for injection may be used to assist with the administration of oral medication if required (aspirin, clopidogrel, paracetamol and ticagrelor)

80
Q

Amiodarone Pharmacology

A

blocks Na+, K+, Ca++, alpha & beta channels prolonging action potential & refractory period, decreases excitability & improves potential for ROSC

81
Q

Amiodarone Metabolism

A

Majority is excreted by the liver and GI tract in biliary excretion, may be some hepatic recirculation

82
Q

Amiodarone Special Notes

A
  • If the Pt is on oral amiodarone cardic arrest administration is authorised
  • Pts with Torsade de Pointes due to suspected prolonged QT interval from excess amiodarone magnesium sulphate should be considered - contct QAS Clinical Consultation and Advice Line
83
Q

What are the four main concepts of pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

84
Q

What is drug absorption?

A

Route of administration

85
Q

What is drug distribution?

A

Lipid solubility
Perfusion & transportation

86
Q

What is drug metabolism?

A

Hepatic first-pass effect
Biotransformation

87
Q

What is drug excretion?

A

Elimination & excretion

88
Q

Factors affecting drug distribution

A

Lipid solubility
Plasma protein binding
Body composition
Tissue and organ perfusion
Organ function

89
Q

How does lipid solubility affect drug distribution?

A

influences in which body compartments the drug may accumulate, directly affecting drug effect and dosage schedules

90
Q

How does plasma protein binding affect drug distribution?

A

affects bioavailability and transportation of the drug

91
Q

How does body composition affect drug distribution?

A

relative proportions and absolute amount of lean and adipose tissues

92
Q

How does tissue and organ perfusion affect drug distribution?

A

impacts distribution of the drug throughout the body, and therefore effect, metabolism, and excretion

93
Q

How does organ function affect drug distribution?

A

relates to those organ systems involved in the metabolism, elimination, and excretion of the drug

94
Q

What is the primary drug distribution issue or paramedics?

A

tissue perfusion, and therefore cardiac function, blood pressure, and shock

95
Q

What is the secondary drug distribution issue for paramedics?

A

functionality of kidneys and liver, for metabolism and excretion

96
Q

Atropine Pharmacology

A
    1. Anticholinergic action inhibits vagus innervation of the heart
    1. loss of parasympatheic tone resulting in increased heart rate and contractility
97
Q

Sodium bicarbonate Pharmacology

A

Provides extracellular sodium to overcome Na+ blockade
Reverses metabolic acidosis by reacting with H+ ions

98
Q

Calcium gluconate Pharmacology

A
  • Improves contractility
  • Myocardial protection in hyperkalaemia
  • Provides extracellular calcium to overcome Ca++ blockade
99
Q

Magnesium sulphate Pharmacology

A

Stabilises the membrane in Torsades de Points by reducing Ca++ influx into the cell

100
Q

Naloxone Pharmacology

A

opioid antagonist that prevents or reverses the effects of opioids including respiratory depression, sedation and hypotension. Naloxone antagonises the opioid effects by competing for the same receptor sites.

101
Q

Naloxone Metabolism

A

hepatic

102
Q

Naloxone Special Notes

A
  • should only be administered following adequate patient oxygenation and ventilation
  • should be administered cautiously to patients who are known or suspected to be physically dependent on narcotics
  • not required in the vast majority of cases, and the patient will need only supportive therapy followed by transport
  • duration of the narcotic may exceed that of naloxone and renarcotisation is possible
  • Administration in the pre-hospital environment may unmask potentially unwanted side effects in the setting of poly pharmacy overdose
  • should not be administered to the newly born, even in the setting of suspected or identified opiate exposure/overdose, as administration of naloxone may lead to acute withdrawal and seizures
103
Q

Droperidol Pharmacology

A

Dopamine-2 receptor antagonist that increases brain turnover of dopamine; and
Mild alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade which can result in mild hypotension

104
Q

Droperidol Metabolism

A

Hepatic metabolism with biliary/renal excretion as inactive metabolites

105
Q

Droperidol Special Notes

A

Where a second dose of droperidol has been administered by an ACP2, a CCP must be requested and they may be cancelled if the second dose of droperidol achieves the desired sedation effect
Dosages and times of administration prior to QAS arrival must be considerd to ensure compliance with the QAS Droperidol DTP
In Lewy body dementia, antipsychotic (e.g. droperidol) can cause deterioration in cognitive and motor function, and may paradoxically increase agitation and worsen behaviour
For other presentations of dementia (e.g. Alzeheimer’s disease) droperidol is a suitable pharmacological agent for the management of acute behavioural disturbance
Under no circumstances is an IV cannula to be inserted for the sole purpose of droperidol administration. IV droperidol administration is only to occur when an IV cannula is already insitu

106
Q

Magnesium Sulphate Pharmacology

A

It causes vasodilation and bronchodilation through inhibition of smooth muscle contraction. Magnesium ions also possess anticonvulsant and anti-dysrrhythmic properties

107
Q

Magnesium Sulphate Metabolism

A

filtered in the kidneys and excreted predominantly in urine with small amounts in faeces and saliva

108
Q

Box Jellyfish Antivenom Pharmacology

A

contains concentrated immunoglobulin that acts to neutralise the toxins present in the venom of the box jellyfish

109
Q

Box Jellyfish Antivenom Metabolism

A

Hepatic and in muscle tissue

110
Q

Box Jellyfish Antivenom Special Notes

A
  • The dose of antivenom is related to the dose of venom, not based on the size of the patient
  • At all times during antivenom therapy adrenaline (epinephrine)
  • must be available in case of an anaphylactic reaction. If reaction
  • occurs, immediately cease the administration of box jellyfish
  • antivenom and treat patient in accordance with CPG: Anaphylaxis
  • and allergy.
  • IV injection is the preferred route of administration for all indications.
  • If a patient is in cardiac arrest due to box jellyfish envenomation, the box jellyfish antivenom is only to be administered following the commencement of effective CPR, advanced life support measures and administration of cardioactive drugs
  • Box jellyfish antivenom must be protected from light and stored between 2–8°C. DO NOT FREEZE
111
Q

Hydroxocobalamin Pharmacology

A

(an injectable form of vitamin B12), binds with circulating and cellular cyanide to form cyanocobalamin, which is then excreted in urine

112
Q

Hydroxocobalamin Metabolism

A

excreted by the kidneys

113
Q

Hydroxocobalamin Special Notes

A
  • Hydroxocobalamin infusions are only to be administered by appropriately trained QAS clinicians within the following response catchments:
    • Central Queensland District: Orica Yarwun Cyanide Plant
    • Darling Downs District: Texas Silver Mine
    • North West District: Great Australian Mine, Lorena Gold Project
  • Substantial increases in blood pressure may occur
  • There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of hydroxocobalamin
  • administration in pregnant women. Hydroxocobalamin should be used
  • during pregnancy ONLY if the potential benefits justifies the potential
  • risk to the fetus
114
Q

Ketamine Pharmacology

A

a rapid acting dissociative anaesthetic agent that is primarily an NMDA receptor antagonist but also interacts with opioid, monoaminergic, muscarinic receptors and voltage sensitive Ca ion channels

115
Q

Box Jellyfish Antivenom Pharmacology

A

contains concentrated immunoglobulin that acts to neutralise the box jellyfish toxins

116
Q

Clopidogrel pharmacology

A

selectively inhibits the binding of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to its platelet receptor, thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation

117
Q

Clopidogrel metabolism

A

Hepatic metabolism with near equal amounts excreted in urine and faeces

118
Q

Clopidogrel special notes

A

15–48% of patients have a poor platelet inhibition response
to clopidogrel. Therefore, the interventional cardiologist
may request the administration of ticagrelor

119
Q

Enoxaparin pharmacology

A

Binds to antithrombin III and inhibits thrombin generation and factor Xa and thrombin

120
Q

Enoxaparin metabolism

A

Hepatic but mostly eliminated unchanged

121
Q

Enoxaparin special notes

A

IV administrations an enoxaparin 60 mg/0.6 mL graduated pre-filled syringe must be used. The air bubble MUST NOT be administered with the medication.
SUBCUT administrations an enoxaparin 100 mg/1 mL graduated pre-filled syringe must be used. The volume
to be injected (1 mg/kg) should be measured precisely using
the markings on the syringe. When adjusting to the correct
dose, hold the syringe with the needle tip pointing down.
Depress the plunger so the bottom of the air bubble is level
with the marking on the syringe that corresponds to the dose
required. The air bubble is required to be administered with
the medication.

122
Q

What is the pharmacology of Sodium Bicarbonate?

A

hypertonic solution that reacts with excess hydrogen ions forming carbon dixoide and water, restoring plasma pH levels

123
Q

What is the metabolism of Sodium Bicarbonate?

A

to C02 and H2)

124
Q

What is the pharmacology of droperidol?

A

Antagonises dopamine receptors in the CNS

Bachelor of Paramedic Science (19 decks)

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