Drugs in Neurotransmission

Question 1

What kind of processes does the ANS control?

Answer 1

Involuntary processes

Question 2

Name 5 involuntary processes controlled by the ANS

Answer 2

1. Blood flow
2. Temperature regualtion
3. Digestion
4. Metabolism
5. Excretion

Question 3

What is the effector organ of the somatic nervous system?

Answer 3

The voluntary muscles (skeletal muscle)

Question 4

What are the effector organs of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 4

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands
Gastrointestinal neurons

Question 5

The somatic nervous system only contains one fibre from CNS to synpase; what is this known as?

Answer 5

A monosynaptic system

Question 6

Where is the synpase in the somatic nervous system?

Answer 6

Skeletal neuromuscular junction

Question 7

What two fibres are involved in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 7

The preganglionic fibre and the postganglionic fibre

Question 8

What is the ganglion?

Answer 8

The junction between neurons

Question 9

What receptors are between the neurons in the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 9

Nicotinic receptors

Question 10

What activates the receptors of the ganglia and is thus released by the preganglionic fibre of the ANS?

Answer 10

Acetylchloline

Question 11

What does the post ganglionic fibre of the ANS do?

Answer 11

Innervates the organ

Question 12

If the preganglion fibre releases acteylchloine what is it known as

Answer 12

Cholinergic

Question 13

What do the preganglionic fibres release in the sympathetic and parasympathic divisions?

Answer 13

Acetylcholine

Question 14

What does the post ganglionic fibre of the parasympathic division release?

Answer 14

Acetylcholine

Question 15

What does the post ganglionic fibre of the sympathetic division release?

Answer 15

Noradrenaline

Question 16

What does the monosynaptic system of the sensory nervous system release

Answer 16

Acetylchloine

Question 17

What are the receptors for the sensory nervous system?

Answer 17

Nictotinic receptors for acetylcholine

Question 18

What receptors are involved in the parasympathic division?

Answer 18

Muscarinic receptors for acetylchloine

Question 19

what receptors are involved in the sympathetic division?

Answer 19

Alpha and Beta Adrenoceptors for Noradrenaline

Question 20

Are the receptors of the autonomic nervous system excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 20

Depends on the post-receptor mechanisms (what happens during the signal transduction)

Question 21

What are the 6 things that must happen for something to be classified as a neurotransmitter?

Answer 21

1. Must be synthesised
2. Must be stored
3. Must be released
4. Must diffuse
5. Must bind to a receptor
6. Must be able to be inactivated

Question 22

How are neurotransmitters synthesised?

Answer 22

By enzymes in the cystol

Question 23

What is acetylchloline synthesised from and by what enzyme?

Answer 23

Synthesised from choline and acetic acid (acetyl coA) b the enzyme chloline actetyl-transferase (CAT)

Question 24

What amino acid is starting point for the synthesis of noradrenaline?

Answer 24

Tyrosine

Question 25

What enzyme converts tyrosine to DOPA and what does it do to the structures

Answer 25

Tyrosine hydroxylase and it adds a hydroxyl group

Question 26

What enzymes converts DOPA to dopamine and what does it do the the structure?

Answer 26

Dopa decarboxylase which removes a carbonyl group

Question 27

What enzymes converts dompamine to noradrenaline and what does it do to the structure?

Answer 27

Dopamine B-hydroxylase and it adds another hydroxyl group

Question 28

What are neurotransmitters stored in in the nerve endings?

Answer 28

Vesicles

Question 29

What does reserpine do?

Answer 29

It blocks the uptake of noradrenaline into vesicles so its not available for release

Question 30

What causes the neurotransmitter to be released?

Answer 30

An action potential arriving at the nerve ending triggers depolarisation and opens channels causing calcium influx which triggers release of neuotransmitters

Question 31

What triggers the release of noradrenaline?

Answer 31

Epinedrine

Question 32

What blocks the release of noradrenaline

Answer 32

Guanethidine

Question 33

What does the neurotransmitter difuse across?

Answer 33

The synpatic cleft

Question 34

What does diffusion mean?

Answer 34

It goes from a high concentration to a low concentration

Question 35

What drugs can affect the diffuse process?

Answer 35

Not many

Question 36

Name an agonist for a muscarinic receptor, what neurotransmitter does it mimic?

Answer 36

Pilocarpine mimics acetylcholine

Question 37

Name an agonist from an alpha adrenoceptor, what neurotransmitter does it mimic?

Answer 37

Phenylephrine mimics noradrenaline

Question 38

Name an agonist for a B adrenoceptor, what neurotransmitter does it mimic?

Answer 38

Salabutamol mimics noradrenaline

Question 39

Name an antagonist from a muscarinic receptor; what neurotransmitter does it block?

Answer 39

Atropine blocks acetylchloine

Question 40

Name an antagonist for an alpha adrenoceptor; what neurotransmitter does it block?

Answer 40

Prazosin blocks noradrenaline

Question 41

Name an antagonist for a beta adrenceptor; what neurotransmitter does it block?

Answer 41

Propranolol blocks noradrenaline

Question 42

What three things can happen to cause inactivation of a neurotransmitter?

Answer 42

1. Diffuses away 2. Reuptake into the nerve 3. Destroyed by enzymes

Question 43

Give an example of a neurotransmitter than can be inactivated by destruction by an enzyme

Answer 43

Acetylchloine is destroyed by acetylchlolinesterase which hydrolyses the ester

Question 44

What does neostigmine do?

Answer 44

It inhibits acetylchlolineesterase and prevents it breaking down acetylchloine

Question 45

What percentage of the neurotransmitter is taken back up into the nerve

Answer 45

70-99%

Question 46

Name a drug that blocks the reuptake of noradrenaline into the nerve?

Answer 46

Cocaine

Question 47

How does cocaine block the reuptake of NA?

Answer 47

blocks a transporter needed to take up NA