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Drugs and Disease > Drugs in Neurotransmission > Flashcards

Drugs in Neurotransmission Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of processes does the ANS control?

A

Involuntary processes

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2
Q

Name 5 involuntary processes controlled by the ANS

A
  1. Blood flow
  2. Temperature regualtion
  3. Digestion
  4. Metabolism
  5. Excretion
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3
Q

What is the effector organ of the somatic nervous system?

A

The voluntary muscles (skeletal muscle)

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4
Q

What are the effector organs of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands
Gastrointestinal neurons

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5
Q

The somatic nervous system only contains one fibre from CNS to synpase; what is this known as?

A

A monosynaptic system

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6
Q

Where is the synpase in the somatic nervous system?

A

Skeletal neuromuscular junction

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7
Q

What two fibres are involved in the autonomic nervous system?

A

The preganglionic fibre and the postganglionic fibre

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8
Q

What is the ganglion?

A

The junction between neurons

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9
Q

What receptors are between the neurons in the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Nicotinic receptors

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10
Q

What activates the receptors of the ganglia and is thus released by the preganglionic fibre of the ANS?

A

Acetylchloline

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11
Q

What does the post ganglionic fibre of the ANS do?

A

Innervates the organ

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12
Q

If the preganglion fibre releases acteylchloine what is it known as

A

Cholinergic

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13
Q

What do the preganglionic fibres release in the sympathetic and parasympathic divisions?

A

Acetylcholine

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14
Q

What does the post ganglionic fibre of the parasympathic division release?

A

Acetylcholine

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15
Q

What does the post ganglionic fibre of the sympathetic division release?

A

Noradrenaline

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16
Q

What does the monosynaptic system of the sensory nervous system release

A

Acetylchloine

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17
Q

What are the receptors for the sensory nervous system?

A

Nictotinic receptors for acetylcholine

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18
Q

What receptors are involved in the parasympathic division?

A

Muscarinic receptors for acetylchloine

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19
Q

what receptors are involved in the sympathetic division?

A

Alpha and Beta Adrenoceptors for Noradrenaline

20
Q

Are the receptors of the autonomic nervous system excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Depends on the post-receptor mechanisms (what happens during the signal transduction)

21
Q

What are the 6 things that must happen for something to be classified as a neurotransmitter?

A
  1. Must be synthesised
  2. Must be stored
  3. Must be released
  4. Must diffuse
  5. Must bind to a receptor
  6. Must be able to be inactivated
22
Q

How are neurotransmitters synthesised?

A

By enzymes in the cystol

23
Q

What is acetylchloline synthesised from and by what enzyme?

A

Synthesised from choline and acetic acid (acetyl coA) b the enzyme chloline actetyl-transferase (CAT)

24
Q

What amino acid is starting point for the synthesis of noradrenaline?

A

Tyrosine

25
Q

What enzyme converts tyrosine to DOPA and what does it do to the structures

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase and it adds a hydroxyl group

26
Q

What enzymes converts DOPA to dopamine and what does it do the the structure?

A

Dopa decarboxylase which removes a carbonyl group

27
Q

What enzymes converts dompamine to noradrenaline and what does it do to the structure?

A

Dopamine B-hydroxylase and it adds another hydroxyl group

28
Q

What are neurotransmitters stored in in the nerve endings?

A

Vesicles

29
Q

What does reserpine do?

A

It blocks the uptake of noradrenaline into vesicles so its not available for release

30
Q

What causes the neurotransmitter to be released?

A

An action potential arriving at the nerve ending triggers depolarisation and opens channels causing calcium influx which triggers release of neuotransmitters

31
Q

What triggers the release of noradrenaline?

A

Epinedrine

32
Q

What blocks the release of noradrenaline

A

Guanethidine

33
Q

What does the neurotransmitter difuse across?

A

The synpatic cleft

34
Q

What does diffusion mean?

A

It goes from a high concentration to a low concentration

35
Q

What drugs can affect the diffuse process?

A

Not many

36
Q

Name an agonist for a muscarinic receptor, what neurotransmitter does it mimic?

A

Pilocarpine mimics acetylcholine

37
Q

Name an agonist from an alpha adrenoceptor, what neurotransmitter does it mimic?

A

Phenylephrine mimics noradrenaline

38
Q

Name an agonist for a B adrenoceptor, what neurotransmitter does it mimic?

A

Salabutamol mimics noradrenaline

39
Q

Name an antagonist from a muscarinic receptor; what neurotransmitter does it block?

A

Atropine blocks acetylchloine

40
Q

Name an antagonist for an alpha adrenoceptor; what neurotransmitter does it block?

A

Prazosin blocks noradrenaline

41
Q

Name an antagonist for a beta adrenceptor; what neurotransmitter does it block?

A

Propranolol blocks noradrenaline

42
Q

What three things can happen to cause inactivation of a neurotransmitter?

A
  1. Diffuses away
  2. Reuptake into the nerve
  3. Destroyed by enzymes
43
Q

Give an example of a neurotransmitter than can be inactivated by destruction by an enzyme

A

Acetylchloine is destroyed by acetylchlolinesterase which hydrolyses the ester

44
Q

What does neostigmine do?

A

It inhibits acetylchlolineesterase and prevents it breaking down acetylchloine

45
Q

What percentage of the neurotransmitter is taken back up into the nerve

A

70-99%

46
Q

Name a drug that blocks the reuptake of noradrenaline into the nerve?

A

Cocaine

47
Q

How does cocaine block the reuptake of NA?

A

blocks a transporter needed to take up NA

Drugs and Disease (15 decks)

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