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Drugs and Disease > Adrenal Hormones > Flashcards

Adrenal Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two regions of the adrenal gland called?

A

The adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

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2
Q

What can the adrenal cortex be divided into?

A

The outer layer is the zona glomerulosa, the layer under that is the zona fasicialata and the final layer is the zona reticularis

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3
Q

What is the adrenal medulla responsible for secreting?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline (catechloamines)

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4
Q

What is the adrenal cortex responsible for secreting?

A

The adrenal hormones (steriods)

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5
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

Aldosterone

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6
Q

What does the zona fasiculata and the zona reticularis secrete?

A

Cortisol and androgens (e.g. testosterone)

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7
Q

Where is the adrenal gland found in the body and why is it situated there?

A

At the back of the body above the kidneys; is positioned there because the hormones it produces can regulate salt concentration of the blood and therefore kidney function

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8
Q

What are the catechloamines and what is there structure?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline and noradrenaline is adrenaline with an extra methyl

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9
Q

What causes the adrenal medulla to secrete catechloamines?

A

Sympathic nerve stimulation

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10
Q

What does the secretion of catechloamines to in times of stress?

A

Increases release of metabolic fuels i.e. glucose from the liver and fatty acids from adipose

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11
Q

What other effects do catechloamines have?

A

They have an positive ionotropic effect on the heart and increase frequency and the strength of the heart beat

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12
Q

What does the ionotropic effect of catechloamines cause in terms of blood vessels and blood pressure?

A

The increased frequency and strength of the heartbeat causes vasoconstriction - the narrowing of the blood vessels increases heart rate

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13
Q

Why do you go pale when catechloamines have their effect?

A

Because they shut down the blood vessels of the skin and redirect the blood to the major vessels

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14
Q

Catechloamines target B-adrenoceptors and in the case of the effect on the heart they affect B1 adrenoceptors. Using this, how would you treat someone with hypertension?

A

Hypertension = high blood pressure so you want to inhibit the effect of the catechloamines on the heart so you would therefore use a B1 adrenoceptor selective antagonist such as atenolol

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15
Q

What is hypotension?

A

Low blood pressure

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16
Q

What is hypotension caused by?

A

Failure of the adrenal medulla (rare)

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17
Q

What can hypotension be treated with?

A

Agonists of B-adrenoceptors

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18
Q

What could be a reason for having hypertension that involves the adrenal medulla?

A

Tumours like neuroblastoma of the adrenal medulla cause secretion of the catecholamines and therefore hypertension - removed by surgery

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19
Q

What are the hormones of the adrenal cortex collectively known?

A

Adrenocortical hormones

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20
Q

What kind of hormones are the adrenocortical hormones and what structure are they based on

A

They are steroids based on the structure of chlolesterol

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21
Q

What are the two major classes of adrenalcortical hormones?

A
  1. Adrenocorticosteriods

2. Sex Hormones

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22
Q

What can adrenocorticosteroids be broken down into?

A
  1. Mineralocorticoids

2. Glucocorticoids

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23
Q

What is an example of a mineralocorticoid?

A

Aldosterone

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24
Q

What is an example of a glucocorticoid?

A

Cortisols (e.g. hydrocortisone and corticosterone)

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25
Q

What are two examples of sex hormones?

A

Androgens (male sex hormones) and oestreogens (female sex hormoles)

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26
Q

What are the two major classes of adrenocortical hormones?

A
  1. Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids

2. Sex Hormones

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27
Q

What kind of receptors do these adrenocortical hormones act on?

A

Nuclear receptors

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28
Q

The action of adrenocortical hormones is that it leads to protein production. How does it do this?

A
  1. hormone binds nuclear receptor
  2. hormone-receptor complex under goes a conformational change and attaches to hormone response elements on the DNA
  3. recruits RNA polymerase to make mRNA
  4. protein synthesis
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29
Q

What are hormone response elements?

A

Sequences on the DNA that the receptor binds to

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30
Q

Is action of the adrenocortical hormones fast or slow compared to the catechloamines?

A

Slow as protein synthesis can take hours/days

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31
Q

What property of the adrenocortical hormones means they can reach the nuclear receptors?

A

They are lipophillic/hydrophillic so can pass through the cell membrane by passive diffusion

32
Q

What are some other examples of lipophillic ligands for nuclear receptors?

A

Vitamins A and D derivatives

33
Q

Describe the sequence of events that occurs after the glucocorticoid cortisol is released into the blood stream by the adrenal gland?

A
  1. Enters the cell via passive diffusion
  2. Finds a nuclear receptor in the cytoplasm of nucleoplasm
  3. Binds and induces a conformation change in the receptor
  4. Receptor reveals a nuclear target signal
  5. Receptor binds to the hormone response elements on the DNA
  6. Regulates gene expression and therefore protein synthesis
34
Q

Where are nuclear receptors found and what makes them able to be in this enviroment?

A

In the cytoplasm of the nucleoplasm and they are soluble proteins so mix well with aqueous enviroments

35
Q

Describe what an oestrogen receptor agonist would do and what it would be used for?

A

Minic the action of oestrogen on nuclear receptors and used for Hormone replacement therapy in post menopausal women

36
Q

Given an example of a oestrogen receptor agonist

A

Conjugated equine estrogens

37
Q

Given an example of what a glucocorticoid receptor agonist would do and be used to treat?

A

Would minic the action of cortisols such as hydrocortisone and so could be used treat inflammation

38
Q

Given an example of a glucocorticoid receptor agonst?

A

Hydrocortisone or dexamethasone

39
Q

What would a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist do and when could this be used?

A

It would block the ability of the mineralocorticoid to increase water volume which would reduce inflammation in patients with oedema

40
Q

Give an example of a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist

A

In order to decrease water volume lots of urine is produced so a diuretic such as spironolactone

41
Q

What would an oestrogen receptor antagonist do and what would it be used to treat?

A

Would block the action of oestrogen for prevention and treatment of breast cancer

42
Q

Given an example of an oestrogen recptor antagonist?

A

Tamoxifen

43
Q

What would an androgen receptor antagonist do and when would it be used?

A

Block the action of male sex hormones such as testotersone and used in the treatment of prostate cancer

44
Q

What is an example of an androgen receptor antagonist?

A

Bicalutamide/casodex

45
Q

What is an example of a mineralocorticoid?

A

Aldesterone

46
Q

What is the function of mineralocorticoids?

A

They maintain the salt balance in the body

47
Q

How do mineralocorticoids maintain the salt balance?

A

They exchange potassium for sodium and water

48
Q

How do mineralocorticoids regulate blood volume?

A

Water always follows sodium so by regulating the salt levels they also regulate the water metabolism

49
Q

How do mineralocorticoids increase blood pressure?

A

By increasing the water volume they increase the blood volume and therefore increase blood pressure

50
Q

How is mineralocorticoid production regulated?

A

Through the Renin/Angiotensin system

51
Q

How is low plasma sodium detected?

A

By the kidneys

52
Q

After detection of the low plasma sodium an enzyme is produced; what enzyme is this and what does it convert?

A

Renin and converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

53
Q

What is angiotensin 1 converted to and what converts it?

A

Converted to angiotensin 2 by the angiotension converting enzyme (ACE)

54
Q

What does angiotensin 2 act on?

A

G protein coupled receptors on the adrenal cortex

55
Q

What does angiotensin 2 cause the production of by the adrenal cortex?

A

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

56
Q

How does aldosterone then increase plasma sodium?

A

By acting on the distal renal tubules which causes Na+ reabsorption and increased secretion of K+

57
Q

What receptors does aldoesterone act on?

A

Nuclear receptors of the kidney ONLY

58
Q

What receptors does aldosterone act on?

A

Nuclear receptors of the kidney ONLY

59
Q

Name an antagonist for aldoesterone at these receptors, what kind of antagonist is this?

A

Spironolactone which is a reversible competitve antagonist - means Na+ is not reabsorped so can be used to treat high blood pressure

60
Q

Since aldosterone is an example of a hormone that acts on nuclear receptors how does this end up with the increased absorption on sodium?

A

The hormone-receptor complex interacts with DNA to increase synthesis of proteins that will produce more sodium channels in the membrane of the renal cells containing the nuclear receptors

61
Q

What are the three main actions of glucocorticoids?

A
  1. Glucose metabolism
  2. Negative feedback on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
  3. Anti-inflammatory and immunosupressive effects
62
Q

What are the two main actions of glucocorticoids?

A
  1. Glucose metabolism

3. Anti-inflammatory and immunosupressive effects

63
Q

Glucose levels need to be elevated in times of stress. What senses this stress?

A

The hypothalamus

64
Q

What does the hyporthalamus release?

A

Corticotrophin releasing factor

65
Q

What does corticotrophin releasing factor act on and what does this then produce?

A

The GPCRs of the Anterior Pitutiary which then releasing Corticotrophin

66
Q

What does corticotrophin then act on and what does this produce?

A

The adrenal cortex which then produces the glucocorticoids

67
Q

How do glucocorticoids affect metabolism?

A

by elevating blood glucose levels by causing increased breakdown of fats and proteins to glucose as well as decreasing the uptake of glucose by carbohydrates

68
Q

How do glucocorticoids have anti-inflammatory properties?

A

They block the leaking of lymphocytes from blood vessels to the site of infection

69
Q

How do glucocorticoids have immunosupressive properties?

A

they inhibit the production an immune mediator which ultimately leads to supressed T cell and B cells

70
Q

Which enzyme do glucocorticoids inhibit in order to have their properties?

A

Phospholipase A2

71
Q

What does phospholipase A2 do?

A

Involved in the production of arachidonic acid, prostaglandins and leukotrienes

72
Q

Name a glucocorticoid agonist that could be used to treat asthma? How is it applied?

A

Beclamethasone is inhaled

73
Q

Name a glucocorticoid agonst that could be used to treat skin inflammation. How is it applied?

A

Bethamethasone is applied topically

74
Q

Name 6 treatments for which glucocorticoid agonsts could be used.

A
  1. Asthma

2. Autoimmune diseases

75
Q

Name 6 treatments for which glucocorticoid agonsts could be used.

A
  1. Asthma
  2. Autoimmune diseases
  3. Cancer Therapy
  4. inflammatory Diseases
  5. Allergic Responses
  6. Organ Transplant

Drugs and Disease (15 decks)

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