Drugs and other terminology Fundamentals final

Question 1

Nicotine

Answer 1

nicotinic AChR agonist

Question 2

Physostigmine

Answer 2

AChE inhibitor

Question 3

D-tubocurarine

Answer 3

Competitive inhibitor of the AChR

Question 4

Tetrodotoxin

Answer 4

Blocks voltage-gated Na channels

Question 5

Saxitoxin

Answer 5

Blocks VG NA channels

Question 6

Conotoxin

Answer 6

Blocks VG Ca channels

Question 7

Tetanus toxin

Answer 7

Cleaves synaptobrevin (docking protein)

Question 8

Botulinum toxin

Answer 8

Cleaves synaptobrevin/syntaxin, SNAP-25

Question 9

Succinylcholine

Answer 9

AChR agonist -inactivates end-plate Na channels Desensitization of the AChR

Question 10

Organophosphate compounds

Answer 10

Irreversible inhibition of AChE

Question 11

epinephrine

Answer 11

adrenergic receptor agonist

Question 12

albuterol

Answer 12

beta adrenergic receptor agonist

Question 13

propranolol

Answer 13

beta adrenergic receptor antagonist

Question 14

muscarine

Answer 14

muscarinic AChR agonist

Question 15

atropine

Answer 15

competitive antagonist at the muscarinic AChR

Question 16

pralidoxime

Answer 16

reverses AChE inhibition due to organophosphates

Question 17

neostigmine

Answer 17

AChE inhibitor

Question 18

alpha-methyltyrosine

Answer 18

Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor - given to pheoch

Question 19

penicillin

Answer 19

Inhibits the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the cell wall of bacteria (beta-lactam antibiotic)

Question 20

vancomycin

Answer 20

Inhibits cell wall synthesis is gram-postive bacteria by preventing PG precursors from binding to PBPs

Time dependent killing

Nephrotoxicity is a big concern

Question 21

oseltamivir

Answer 21

Inhibits viral neuraminidase which is necessary for release of the virus from the infected cell

Known as Tamiflu

Salic acid analog

Used for influenza A and B

Can cause GI upset

Question 22

tyramine

Answer 22

Causes the release of stored monoamines; metabolized by MAO

Question 23

reserpine

Answer 23

Irreversibly blocks the vesicular monoamine transporter

Question 24

Neoplasm

Answer 24

abnormal tissue mass that lacks growth constraints of its normal counterpart
i. It’s a somatic genetic disease. Neoplasms represent clonal expansions that result from somatic mutations

Question 25

Hyperplasia

Answer 25

subject to physiological influences but can be pathological

i. Can be due to development (breast growth) or regeneration after injury
ii. BPH is pathological
iii. Hyperplastic tissue can be the seed for neoplasia
1. Sinus tract draining osteomyelitis puts one at risk for squamous cell carcinoma

Question 26

Metaplasia

Answer 26

reversible change from one cell types to another
i. Smokers have stratified squamous instead of pseudostratified ciliated epithelium in bronchial airways. It can progress to dysplasia

Question 27

Dysplasia

Answer 27

occurs in a setting where there is metaplasia

i. It is disordered growth and can include pleomorphism, lack of polarity and high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio
ii. Can progress to malignancy

Question 28

Pleomorphism

Answer 28

extent to which cells differ from their neighbors. More = worse

Question 29

Clonal evolution

Answer 29

Acquisution of mutations that change the cell appearance from the original source of the tumor

Question 30

Beta Lactams

Answer 30

inhibit pencillin binding proteins which are needed for crosslinking of PG cell wall

Time dependent killing and bacteriocidal

Question 31

Antibiotic classes (other than Beta lactams)

Answer 31

Bacteriocidal

Cell membrane inhibitors

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

Bacteriostatic

metabolic (e.g. folate inhibitors)

Protein Synthesis (50S and 30S)
 -except aminoglycosides

Question 32

Antivirals

Answer 32

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

protease inhibitors

Anti-viral, anti-proliferative and immunodulatory = INTERFERONS (HBV, HCV)