Drugs and endocrine system Flashcards
Symptoms of hypothyroidism
lethargy
hyporeflexia (Reduce or absence of reflex function to responses)
anaemia
weight gain
low body temperature- intolenrance to cold
hypotension
bradycardia (less than 60 heart beats per min)
What causes the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Cardiovascular system and CNS are depressed
metabolic rate reduced
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism
Anxiety Insomnia hypertension tachycardia weight loss low grade fever-intolerance to heat
What causes the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Cardiovascular system and CNS are depressed
metabolism rate increases
What is a goitre?
An abnormal swelling of the thyroid gland causing a lump to form
What causes hyperthyroidism?
Grave’s disease ( activation of TSH by antibodies)
Long term treatment for hyperthyroidism?
Surgery (removal of thyroid gland) and replacement hormones
Radioactive iodine
What does carbimazole do?
it inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine- used in the treatment for hyperthyroidism
it is converted into active drug in liver
Where is carbizole excreted from?
Urine
Adverse effects of carbizole?
it crosses into placenta and in breast milk> causes neonatal hypothyroidism insomnia nausea rash/itching mouth ulcers
What causes hypothyroidism?
not enough iodine in diet causing insufficient T3/T4 (thyroid hormones) causing patient to require thyroxine substitute
Treatment for severe hypothyroidism?
if severe> intravenous Triiodothyronine T3 administed
what is use as a thyroxine replacement?
levothyroxine T4
What does the parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?
It promotes the reabsorption of calcium ions in the kidney nand increases instestinal absorption causing levels of calcium ions to increase
what are osteoclasts?
bone cells
where is calcitonin release from?
C-cells of thyroid gland
What does calcitonin do?
inhibits osteoplasts from releasing calcium and inhibits kidney from reabsorbing calcium ions causing a decrease in calcium ion levels
what does calcitriol do (vitamin D3)?
it increases calcium ion levels by increasing bone mobilisation and increase reabsorption in gut
what causes hypocalcaemia?
inadequate calcium intake
lack of vitamin d or PTH deficiency
renal problems
symptoms of hypocalcaemia?
neuromuscular problems
muscle cramps
paraesthesia (sensation of tickling, burning and pricking) in extremities
fits
treatment for hypocalcaemia?
ergocalciferol/calcitriol (given only if kidney function is not compromised)
calcium glucoronate IV infusion
symptoms of hypercalcaemia?
muscle problems- can cause cardiac arrest
can cause renal failure
treatment for hypercalcaemia?
bisphosphates and calcitonin (only short lasting-2 days max)
what do bisphosphates do?
alendronic acid (a bisphosphate drug) slows bone growth and turnover which prevents loss of bones
how are bisphosphates administered?
orally
adverse effects of bisphosphates drug
abdominal pain
GI disturbances especially oseophangeal problems
how is calcitonin administered?
nasal spray
subcutaneous or intramuscular injection
what do mineralocorticoids do?
regulate mineral balance
what do glucocorticoids do?
increase glucose mobilisation
increase resistance to stress
decreases white blood cells
