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PHARMACOLOGY > Drugs Acting on the CNS and PNS > Flashcards

Drugs Acting on the CNS and PNS Flashcards

1
Q

relieve MSK pain or spasm and severe MSK spasticity

A

muscle relaxants

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2
Q

2 main classes of muscle relaxants

A
  • centrally-acting
  • peripherally-acting
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3
Q

target organ of centrally-acting muscle relaxants

A

brain

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4
Q

what is the MOA of centrally-acting muscle relaxants

A

depress neuronal conduction, neuromuscular transmission, or muscle excitability; depress the CNS

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5
Q

most common centrally-acting muscle relaxant

A

baclofen

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6
Q

Muscle Relaxants

chlorzoxazone may discolor the urine, becoming ________ to ________ when metabolized and excreted

A

orange to purplish-red

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7
Q

target organ of peripherally-acting muscle relaxants

A

skeletal muscle

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8
Q

most common peripherally-acting muscle relaxant

A

dantrolene sodium

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9
Q

what is the MOA of peripherally-acting muscle relaxants

A

interferes with calcium ion release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and weakens the force of contraction

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10
Q

patients should exercise at the muscle relaxants’ ________ effect

A

peak

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11
Q

sedatives reduce ________ or ________

A

activity or excitement

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12
Q

when given in large doses, sedatives are considered __________

A

hypnotics

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13
Q

3 main classes of synthetic drugs used as sedatives and hypnotics

A
  • benzodiazepines
  • barbiturates
  • nonbenzodiazepine-nonbarbiturate drugs
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14
Q

Sedatives and Hypnotics

minor tranquilizer

A

benzodiazepines

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15
Q

medications under benzodiazepines

A

-zepam

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16
Q

what is GABA

A

gama aminobutyric acid

inhibits neural firing

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17
Q

what is the MOA of benzodiazepines

A

stimulate GABA receptors in the ascending reticular activating system (RAS) of the brain

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18
Q

Sedatives and Hypnotics

major pharmacologic action is to reduce the overall CNS alertness

A

barbiturates

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19
Q

medications under barbiturates

A

-barbital

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20
Q

what is the MOA of barbiturates

A

depress sensory cortex of the brain, decrease major activity, alter cerebral function, and produce drowsiness, sedation and hypnosis

depress all levels of the CNS

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21
Q

Sedatives and Hypnotics

act as hypnotics for short-treatment of simple insomnia

A

nonbenzodiazepines-nonbarbiturates

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22
Q

what is the MOA of nonbenzodiazepines-nonbarbiturates

A

MOA is not fully known but thought to produce depressant effects similar to barbiturates

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23
Q
  • also known as anxiolytics
  • used primarily to treat anxiety disorders
A

antianxiety drugs

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24
Q

3 main types of antianxiety drugs

A
  • benzodiazepines
  • barbiturates
  • buspirone
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25
Q

the first anxiolytic in a class of drugs known as azaspirodecanedione derivatives

A

buspiron hydrochloride

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26
Q

what is the MOA of buspirone

A

produce various effects in the midbrain and act as a midbrain modulator, possibly due to its high affinity for serotonin receptors

27
Q

antidepressants include (3)

A
  • monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)
  • tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
  • selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
28
Q

what is the function of monoamine oxidase

A

detroys epinephrine

29
Q

what is the MOA of MAOI

A

inhibits monoamine oxidase, making more norepinephrine and serotonin available to the receptors

30
Q

MAOIs

severe reaction may occur if taken with food rich in ________ and ________

A

tyramine and protein

31
Q

what is the MOA of TCAs

A

increase the amount of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both by preventing their reuptake into the storage granules in the presynaptic nerves

32
Q

formerly known as 2nd generation antidepressants

A

SSRIs

33
Q

what is the MOA of SSRIs

A

inhibit the neuronal reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin

34
Q

Antidepressants

some are used to treat OCD

A

SSRIs

35
Q

in parkinson’s disease, the levels of dopamine are ________ while the acetylcholine are ________

A

decreased; normal

36
Q

what are the 2 goals of antiparkinsonian drugs

A
  • promote the secretion of dopamine (dopaminergic)
  • inhibit the cholinergic effects (anticholinergic)
37
Q

what is the MOA of anticholinergic as an antiparkinsonian drug

A

inhibits the action of acetylcholine at the receptor sites in the CNS and ANS, thus reducing tremors

38
Q

what is the MOA of dopaminergic drugs

A

increases dopamine concentration and/or enhancing the neurotransmission of dopamine

in the midbrain

39
Q

________ is the most effective drug used to treat Parkinson’s disease

A

levodopa

40
Q

why is antiparkinsonian taken with antipsychotics?

A

one of the extrapyramidal reaction of antipsychotic is pseudoparkinsonism

41
Q

usually prescribed for long term management of chronic epilepsy (recurrent seizures) or short-term management of acute isolated seizures not caused by epilepsy, such as after trauma or brain injury

A

anticonvulsant drugs

42
Q

the first anticonvulsant of choice used to treat seizures

A

hydantoins (Dilantin)

43
Q

what is the MOA of hydantoins

A

stabilize neurons to keep them from being overexcited; inhibits impulses

44
Q

________ is the most commonly prescribed anticonvulsant drug because of its effectiveness and low toxicity

A

phenytoin

45
Q

what is the MOA of barbiturates as an anticonvulsant

A

stabilize nerve membranes throughout the CNS directly by influencing ion channels in the cell membrane

46
Q

what is the MOA of iminostilbenes

A

inhibit the spread of seizure activity or neuromuscular transmission in general

47
Q

________ is the drug of choice in adults and children for treating generalized tonic-clonic seizures and simple and complex partial seizures

A

carbamazepine

iminostilbenes

48
Q

what is the MOA of benzodiazepines as an anticonvulsant

A

stabilize nerve membranes throughout the CNS to decrease excitability and hyperexcitability to stimulation

49
Q

what is the MOA of valproic acid

A

unknown MOA but thought to increase the level of GABA

50
Q

control psychotic symptoms such as delusion, hallucinations, and thought disorders that can occur with schizophrenia, mania and other psychoses

A

antipsychotic agents

51
Q

various names of antipsychotic agents (3)

A
  • antipsychotics
  • major tranquilizer
  • neuroleptic
52
Q

Various Names of Antipsychotic Agents

eliminate the signs and symptoms of psychoses

A

antipsychotics

53
Q

Various Names of Antipsychotic Agents

calms an agitated patient

A

major tranquilizer

54
Q

Various Names of Antipsychotic Agents

can cause an adverse neurobiological effect that causes abnormal body movements

A

neuroleptic

55
Q

two major groups of antipsychotic agents

A
  • typical antipsychotics
  • atypical antipsychotics
56
Q

what is the difference between typical and atypical antipsychotics

A

typical - has more side effects
atypical - lesser SE; not as effective as typical

57
Q

Typical Antipsychotics

  • primarily cause sedation and anticholinergic effects and are moderately potent drugs
  • strong sedative effect, decrease BP and may cause moderate EPS (pseudoparkinsonism)
A

aliphatics

58
Q

Typical Antipsychotics

  • primarily cause extrapyramidal reactions
  • low sedative effect, little effect on BP and strong antiemetic effect
A

piperazines

59
Q

Typical Antipsychotics

  • primarily cause sedation
  • strong sedative effect, cause few EPS, low to moderate effect on BP, and have no antiemetic effect
A

piperidines

60
Q

examples of extrapyramidal reactions (3)

A
  • pseudoparkinsonism (decreased dopamine)
  • slurring of speech
  • tardive dyskinesia (late signs of abnormal movement)
61
Q

what is the MOA of typical antipsychotics

A

blocks postsynaptic dopaminergic receptors in the brain

blocks dopamine

62
Q

what is the most common side effect of atypical antipsychotics

A

weight gain

63
Q

what is the MOA of atypical antipsychotics

A

block dopamine receptors but not as effective as the typical, in addition to blocking serotonin receptor activity

PHARMACOLOGY (6 decks)

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