Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

what is Kochs Postulates

A

1) the microorganism must be found in abundance but not in healthy organisms
2) the microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture
3) the organism must cause disease in a healthy organism
4) the microogaminsm must be preisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as the same as the original causative agent

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2
Q

what is modern kochs postulates

A

A nucleic acid sequence belonging to a putative pathogen should be present in most cases of an infectious disease. Microbial nucleic acids should be found preferentially in diseased organs known, and fewer/not in those organs that lack pathology.
With resolution of disease, the copy number of pathogen-associated nucleic acid sequences should decrease or become undetectable. With clinical relapse, the opposite should occur.
Where sequence detection predates disease, copy number correlates with severity of disease or pathology, there is more likely to be a causal relationship.
The nature of the microorganism should be consistent with the known biological characteristics of that group of organisms.
These sequence-based forms of evidence for microbial causation should be reproducible.

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3
Q

what is a primary pathogen

A

primary pathogen causes disease in non-immunocomprimised hosts

  • intrinsics virulence
  • toxin production
  • induction of abnormal host response
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4
Q

example of immunocompromised patients

A
immnosupressed
tissue damage
catheter infection
genetic disease
host bacteria (deserted balance)
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5
Q

Transmission

A

droplet/sexual/blood/bites/faecal-oral/environmental/vector Bourne

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6
Q

attachment

A
  • Adherence via adhesions interacting with host receptors

- Biofilms for attachment and intracellular adhesion

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7
Q

what is virulence

A

ability to replicate within the host

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8
Q

passive immune evasion

A

Latency e.g. herpes(hides in ganglia in the brain), Malaria
Can hide in sanctuary sites
Resistance to phagocytosis and destruction by lysosymes

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9
Q

active immune evasion

A

Production of immunomodulatory proteins-salmaollela comes in contact with white cell and come in with harpoon like protein that it inject in and destroys it)
Decoy- hep B produces a hep b like envelope so th eimmune system attacks this instead and it get worn out
Evolution

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10
Q

Leishmaniasis

A

parasite form sandfly and shuts down liver and organ

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11
Q

Bacteria

A

Huge Domain of single cell organisms
Ubiquitous in environment and within/without humans
Prokaryocytic- single cell simple organisms, organelles are non-membrane bound.
Asexual replication through binary fusion

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12
Q

what is gram +

A

purple coloured more likely to get this in the upper part of the body

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13
Q

viruses

A

Very small infectious agents that can only replicate within cells of host organisims.
The most abundant biological agent.
Contain DNA or RNA and important viral proteins
have mRNA

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14
Q

viral replication brief

A

RNA goes into cytoplasm / DNA goes into nucleus and cans it and you cell and hide

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15
Q

fungal infection

A

Eukaryocytic organisms-’-more complex organelles enclosed in cell walls
Yeasts (replicate through mitosis) and Moulds (replicate through Meiosis)
Cell walls contain Chitin-stromg
Septae divide cells and are relatively fluid

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16
Q

protozoa

A

Single cell organisms
Very motile
Can engulf food
Often survive hostile intracellular environment
Asexual and sexual reproduction depending on organism i.e in the mosquito sexually in t he human asexually
Can encyst
Include- malaria, leishmaniasis, trypansomiasis

17
Q

parasite

A
Complex multicellular organisms
Symbiotic relationship
Often have lifecycle outside human body
Cause disease through direct tissue damage or immunological reaction to parasite.
Can drive the host brain deciiesions
18
Q

e.g of immune system causing harm

A

toxic shock syndrome- yellow and white hands or rash

meningitis - glass rash

19
Q

T cell response

A

TH 1 response enhance ‘cell-mediated immunity’- through interferon gamma. Activates macrophages. Leads to enhanced opsonisation of bacteria/viruses (often intracellular) through B cell antibody production.
TH 2 response ‘humoral immunity’- through IL-4 leads to specific antibody production especially effective against extracellular infections and toxins