Drug Treatments Flashcards
What are the two generations of antipsychotic drugs?
1st generation and 2nd generation
1st generation antipsychotics are often referred to as typical antipsychotics, while 2nd generation are known as atypical antipsychotics.
What receptors do 1st generation antipsychotic drugs primarily block?
D2 receptors
These drugs primarily block dopamine receptors.
What is an example of a 1st generation antipsychotic drug?
Chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine is one of the first antipsychotic medications developed.
What is a common side effect associated with 1st generation antipsychotics?
More side effects
These side effects can include movement disorders similar to Parkinson’s disease.
What hypothesis is associated with the effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs?
Dopamine hypothesis
This hypothesis suggests that antipsychotic drugs act as dopamine antagonists.
What did Davis et al.’s meta-analysis reveal about antipsychotics?
Antipsychotics are more effective
The meta-analysis included 100 studies showing the efficacy of antipsychotics.
What percentage of patients on placebo relapsed within 12 months according to Leucht et al.?
64%
This was compared to 27% relapse on antipsychotics.
What do Ross and Read argue about the motivation of patients prescribed antipsychotics?
It reduces motivation to look for solutions
Patients may feel reinforced that there is something wrong with them.
What receptors do 2nd generation antipsychotic drugs block?
D2 and serotonin receptors
This dual action contributes to their effectiveness and side effect profile.
What is a key difference in side effects between typical and atypical antipsychotics?
Atypical have less side effects
Atypical antipsychotics tend to have a more favorable side effect profile.
According to Bagnall et al., which type of antipsychotic is more effective in reducing symptoms?
Atypical drugs
The study compared the effectiveness of typical vs atypical treatments.
What common side effect is associated with typical antipsychotics?
Movement problems
These can include involuntary movements similar to those seen in Parkinson’s disease.
What can be a consequence of distressing side effects from antipsychotic medication?
Patients may stop taking medication completely
This can lead to a cycle of relapse and worsening symptoms.
AO1, Typical antipsychotic drugs
These are first generation drugs which block D2 receptors and deal with positive symptoms. They act as dopamine antagonist so they bind but don’t stimulate dopamine receptors. These drugs have more side-effects and target the whole brain (less specific). An example is Chlorpromazine.
AO1, atypical antipsychotic drugs
These are second generation drugs which block D2 (positive symptoms) and serotonin (negative symptoms) receptors. They have less side-effects due to the rapid breakdown which target specific areas of the brain. An example is Clozapine.
Strength: antipsychotics are effective
Leucht et al: meter analysis, 65 studies. Some patients took off medication and given placebo. Within 12 months 64% on placebo relapsed 27% relapse on the antipsychotics. Supports the antipsychotics prevent relapse.
Limitation: motivational deficits
Ross and Read: argue when people prescribed with antipsychotics medication. They are reinforced that there is something wrong with them which reduces motivation to look for solutions to reduce their suffering. This suggests that drug treatments can have a negative effect on the self-esteem of schizophrenic patients reducing the likelihood of taking the treatment, decreasing the overall effectiveness of them.
Limitation: side effects
Crossley et al: patients had more side effects of typical than atypical antipsychotics. Typical drug drugs gave patients movement problems, commen in Parkinson’s disease e.g. The involuntary movement of the face or draw. Suggests side-effects can be so distressing to patients that they stop taking their medication completely. This therefore suggests that drug treatments are not unappropriate treatment reduce symptoms of schizophrenia.
Supporting evidence for typical antipsychotic drugs
They are medication used to control symptoms of psychosis e.g. D + H. They are taken in the form of a pill or are injected
Bagnall et al (SE for atypical drugs)
Aim was to compare effectiveness of typical and atypical treatment for sz. Found civic drugs were more effective than typical drugs in reducing sz symptoms. All atypical caused fewer side-effects.
What are antipsychotics?
They are medication used to control symptoms of psychosis e.g. D + H. They are taken in the form of a pill or are injected
Example of atypical antipsychotic
Clozapine
How are drugs inserted to sz patients?
Through medications such as tablets or injects to help reduce symptoms
