Drug Toxicity Flashcards
What is drug toxicity
The harmful effects of a drug/injury caused by taking a medication
Drug toxicity is also known as Adverse drug reaction (ADR). TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
ADR’s aren’t that serious. TRUE or FALSE
FALSE. ADR’s are a major clinical problem
State the difference between ADR’s and side effects ?
- Side effects can be ‘good’
- ADR’s are harmful
Name 2 drugs that cause the ADR -Valvular heart disease
- Fenfluramine
- Dexfenfaramine
Name 4 drugs that cause the ADR -Arrhythmias
- Terfenadine
- Grepafloxacin
- Astemizole
- Cisapride
Name a drug that causes the ADR -Low heart rate in the elderly
- Mibefridil
Name a drug that causes the ADR - Cardiac toxicity
- Refecoxib
Name 2 drug that causes the ADR - Liver failure
- Traglitozone
- Bromfenac
Name a drug that causes the ADR - Liver toxicity
- Nafezodone
Name a drug that causes the ADR - Ischaemic colitis
- Alosetron
We learn about ADR’s through clinical trials. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
Clinical trials often exclude the young, old and pregnant women. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
Clinical trials often exclude patients with multiple diseases. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
Clinical trials often exclude interacting medications. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
Warfarin can lead to inhibition of Vitamin K reductase which can lead to the ADR -Haemorrhage. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
Atropine is a non-selective muscarinic blocker. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
State the effects of Atropine
- Dilated pupils
- Increased heart rate
- Reduced salivation
- Smooth muscle relaxation
- Excitatory effects on the CNS
Name 2 side effects of the use of Atropine when used to treat intestinal motility
1) Mydriasis
2) Cycloplegia
Atropine should never be used to treat acid-peptic disease. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
ADR -Atropine poisoning results from on target non-intended tissue response. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
Tubular toxicity results in renal failure. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
Give 2 examples of off-target ADR’s
- Nephrotoxicity (due to saturation of aminoglycosides in tubular cells
- Cardiotoxicity
What is the effect of activation of the hERG channel ?
Prolongation of electrical impulses that regulate heart beat (T wave is delayed)
Name an example of a non-selective beta antagonist drug
Propranolol
Propranolol is usually prescribed for asthmatic patients. TRUE or FALSE
FALSE. Propranolol is contraindicated for asthmatic patients.
B1 antagonists control heart rate after heart failure. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
B2 antagonists can cause airway constriction. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
S-thalidomide acts as a sedative. TRUE or FALSE
FALSE. It produces teratogenic effects
R-thalidomide produces teratogenic effects. TRUE or FALSE
FALSE. It acts as a sedative
What happens when paracetamol metabolite binds irreversibly to Hepatic cell membranes ?
Liver necrosis (Hepatoxicity)
Why is it unusual for drugs to trigger ADR- immune response ?
Drugs are too small (LMW, usually <1000)
Immune response can be brought about by LMW drug binding to a macromolecular drug such as proteins. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
LMW drugs interact w/receptors of the immunity system. For example; direct binding to T-cell receptors. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions occurs when a hapten binds to a protein. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
How does Type 2 hypersensitivity come about ?
Antigen binds to surface of circulating blood cell (usually RBC)
What is Anaphylaxis
Serious allergic reaction
Name some symptoms of Anaphylaxis ?
- Skin reaction
- Difficulty breathing
- Fainting
- Swelling
Treatment for mild reactions ?
- (0.3 - 0.5ml) Adrenaline
- Oral antihistamine
Treatment for severe reactions ?
Diphenhydramine
When is Theophylline used to treat ADR-drug allergy?
Used for asthmatic reactions that don’t respond to Adrenaline
Diphenhydramine may also be used for a cardiac arrest? TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
What is Idiosyncratic toxicity?
A rare toxicity that isn’t immediately understandable (no obvious mechanism)
