Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

STAGE 2 - Pharmacology and Drug Action > Drug Overdose > Flashcards

Drug Overdose Flashcards

1
Q

Define drug ovedose

A

The ingestion/application of a drug/substance in quantities greater than that recommended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give examples of drugs that are most frequently used for intentional self-poisoning

A
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Analgesics
  • Antidepressants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Drugs that are likely to cause overdose include Enzyme inhibitors such as ketoconazole & erythromycin. TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Drugs that are likely to cause overdose include Enzyme inducers such as Rifampicin and Carbamazepine. TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

State 3 characteristics of drugs with risk of overdose

A

1) Narrow therapeutic window (Digoxin, Theophylline)
2) High toxic potential (Aminoglycosides)
3) Steep dose-response curve (Warfarin and Sulhonylurea derivatives)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Identify the 6 principles of drug overdose

A

1) Immediate measures -Evaluation
2) Supportive measures
3) Absorption prevention
4) Elimination
5) Antidotes
6) Psychiatric assessment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the steps of evaluation of a drug overdose

A
  • Recognise the poison
  • Identify agents involved
  • Assess severity
  • Predict toxicity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

State 3 absorption prevention methods of drug overdose

A
  • Activated Charcoal
  • Gastric lavage
  • Induced vomitting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe ‘Activated charcoal’ method

A
  • Toxic substances are adsorbed and GI tract absorption inhibited
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name 6 substances that charcoal does not absorb

A
  • Petroleum distillates
  • Inorganic acid and alkali
  • Alcohol
  • Metal ions
  • Cyanide
  • Lithium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

State 3 methods for the elimination of poisons

A

1) Renal elimination
2) Forced alkaline diuresis
3) Hemodialysis/Haemoperfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fluid and electrolyte disturbances may occur as a result of forced alkaline diuresis. TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hemodialysis/Haemoperfusion is used in cases of severe poisoning. TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define Antidote

A

Agents with a specific action against the activity/effect of drugs involved in poisoning cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many stages of Paracetamol overdose are there ?

A

4 stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe symptoms of stage 1 Paracetamol overdose

A
  • 0.5 to 24hrs

- Varies from no symptoms to Malaise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe symptoms of stage 2 Paracetamol overdose

A
  • 24 to 72hrs
  • Elevations of hepatic aminotransferase
  • Elevations of prothrombin time (PT) and total bilirubin
  • Right upper quadrant pain. liver enlargement and tenderness
  • Oliguria and renal function abnormalities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe some symptoms of stage 3 Paracetamol overdose

A
  • 72 to 96hrs
  • Jaundice, confusion
  • Elevation in hepatic enzymes
  • Lactic acidosis
  • 25% renal failure
  • Maybe death
19
Q

Describe stage 4 Paracetamol overdose

A
  • 4 days to 2 weeks

- Usually recovery phase that begins by day 4

20
Q

What is required for paracetamol overdose management for <4 hrs

A

Activated Charcoal

  • May reduce absorption by 50-90%
  • Single oral dose of 1g/kg
21
Q

What is required for paracetamol overdose management for <8 hrs

A
  • Acetylcysteine

- Limits the formation and accumulation of NAPQI

22
Q

What is required for paracetamol overdose management for <24 hrs

A
  • Oral Methionine

- Protects liver from damage

23
Q

What is required for paracetamol overdose management for >24 hrs

A
  • Liver transplantation specialist advice
24
Q

Name a condition where Liver transplantation is life-saving

A

Fulminant hepatic necrosis

25
Q

Name 4 indications for liver transplant

A

1) Acidosis (pH <7.3)
2) Prothrombin time (>100 secs)
3) Creatinine levels>300mcg/L
4) Grade 3 encephalopathy (or worse)

26
Q

State examples of ADR’s caused by Aspirin

A
  • Interference of metabolism
  • GI bleeding and prolonged bleeding
  • Activation of respiratory centre
27
Q

Describe the effects of interference of metabolism

A
  • Prevents formation of ATP/promotes formation lactate and pyruvate
  • Inhibits amino acid metabolism
  • Inhibits Kreb cycle enzymes/ encourages lipid metabolism and ketogenesis
28
Q

State 3 effects of Aspirin overdose

A
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Respiratory alkalosis
  • Electrolyte imbalance
29
Q

How is metabolic acidosis brought about ?

A

Acidic pH promotes movement of salicylate into the tissues

30
Q

How is Electrolyte imbalance brought about ?

A
  • Increased renal excretion of bicarbonates
  • Increased pulmonary insensible losses
  • Vomiting
31
Q

Identify the most important management of Aspirin Overdose

A
  • Urine alkalinization (w/sodium bicarbonate)
32
Q

What is the result of Urine alkalinization?

A

Enhanced excretion of ionized, acid form salicylate

33
Q

Opioids bind to specific opioid receptors in the CNS. TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

34
Q

State 4 key characteristics of opioid overdose

A
  • Pinpoint pupils
  • Respiratory depression
  • Decreased level of consciousness
  • Hypotension and Bradycardia
35
Q

Why is ‘pinpoint pupils’ of significance in opioid overdose ?

A

It acts as an important diagnostic feature in opioid poisoning

36
Q

Identify the antidote used for opioid overdose management ?

A

Naloxone

37
Q

State 4 side effects of Naloxone

A
  • BP changes
  • Arrhythmias
  • Seizures
  • Withdrawal
38
Q

Pesticides are organophosphate irreversible anticholinesterases (AChE). TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

39
Q

AChE increases Acetylcholine (Ach) levels. TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

40
Q

State 3 effects of increased Ach

A

1) CNS effects
2) Nicotinic signs
3) Muscarinic signs

41
Q

Identify the antidote used for pesticide overdose management ?

A

Pralidoxime

42
Q

Identify 3 types of pesticide overdose management

A

1) Use of Pralidoxime
2) Clearing airways
3) AChE regenerator (oxime agents)

43
Q

What is the use of Oxime agents

A

The acts as AChE regenerators and hydrolyze phosphorylated AChE

44
Q

Name a drug required simultaneously alongside Pralidoxime to treat muscarinic pesticide excess

A

Atropine

STAGE 2 - Pharmacology and Drug Action (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions