Drug Therapy and AMR

Question 1

Explain the difference between therapeutic, prophylactic, and metaphylactic use?

Answer 1

Therapeutic = tx to cure infected
Prophylactic = tx to prevent infection
Metaphylactic = tx to cure infected and prevent infection in healthy

Question 2

Growth promotion, is used with aim of -?

Answer 2

Improve growth rate
Improve efficacy of feed utilization
Improve reproduction

Question 3

T/F: Growth promotion through the use of antibiotics is banned.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What are the 5 antibiotics needed to be known for this exam?

Answer 4

Beta lactate
Aminoglycosides
Macrolides
Sulfonamides and dipyrimidine
Tetracyclines

Question 5

Antibiotics can have what origins?

Answer 5

Natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic

Question 6

Broad spectrum antibiotics can be used across both Gram positive and negative bacterium, while narrow spectrum antibiotics are -?

Answer 6

Used for specific bacterium, e.g. isoniazid for mycobacterium or polymyxins for Gram negative bacteria

Question 7

What more modes of actions can antibiotics have?

Answer 7

Plasma membrane injury and inhibition of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acid replication, and synthesis of metabolites

Question 8

While beta lactams are ______________ inhibitors, aminoglycosides and macrolides are _____________ inhibitors.

Answer 8

Beta lactams = cell wall

Macro and Amino = protein synthesis

Question 9

__________________ is the resistance against one compound gives automatic resistance to another compound.

Answer 9

Cross-resistance

Question 10

T/F: Heavy metals are commonly associated or coupled with antibiotic pollution.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Interferons, antiserum, and the synthesis of antibodies are associated with what type of drugs?

Answer 11

Antiviral

Question 12

Define antimicrobial resistance, and explain its societal problems.

Answer 12

AMR= bacterial ability to survive antimicrobial therapy and cause therapeutic failure

Consequences to economics, animal and public health

Question 13

How can microbes resist antibiotics from reaching their targets?

Answer 13

Efflux pumps, decreasing permeability, destroy the antibiotic, or modify the antibiotic

Question 14

How can a microbes bypass or modify the target of antimicrobials?

Answer 14

Camouflage it, express alternative proteins, or reprogram the target

Question 15

What type is resistance is associated with naturally acquiring the trait?

Answer 15

Intrinsic resistance

Question 16

What type resistance is associated with the mutation in the existing DNA, or by the acquisition of new DNA, is called -?

Answer 16

Acquired resistance

Question 17

Identify characteristics of MRSA.

Answer 17

• mecA gene against Beta lactams
• Acquired resistance
• Gram positive bacteria
• Community, livestock, or hospital-acquired

Question 18

Identify characteristics for MRSP.

Answer 18

• mecA gene and some are MDR to all antibiotics
• Acquired resistance
• Acquired in clinic (nosocomial infection)

Question 19

Identify some characteristics of ESBL.

Answer 19

• Gram negative
• Produces an enzyme similar to that of mecA gene transcription/ translation
• Foodborne transmission for ESBL producing E. coli that can transfer to resident E. coli

Question 20

T/F: Bacterial culturing is almost always contraindicated.

Answer 20

False

Question 21

T/F: The minimization of clinically important antibiotics is an important consideration, as they are broad spectrum and should be preserved for treatment of difficult infections.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Shooting high, in regards to dosage regimens, involves -?

Answer 22

Enhancing therapeutic effects and preventing the selection of resistant mutants

Question 23

Shooting fast and shooting regular in regards to dosage regimens means -?

Answer 23

Shoot regular = enhance therapeutic effect only

Shoot fast = treat earliest and with shortest time