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Drug SIde-Effects Flashcards

1
Q

What are some side-effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics?

A

Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Neuromuscular blockade (skeletal muscle paralysis)

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2
Q

What are some common side-effects of macrolide antibiotics?

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal pain
Diarrhoea

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3
Q

What are some common side-effects of cephalosporin and penicillin antibiotics?

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Thrush
Rash
Abdominal pain

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4
Q

What are some potential side-effects of tetracycline antibiotics?

A

Teeth staining in children
Sun sensitivity
Stomach issues
Headache

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5
Q

What is a potentially severe side-effect of statins?

A

Rhabdomyolysis- breakdown of muscle tissue that can cause liver and kidney damage and death.

Statins cause muscle pain in 1/10 patients.

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6
Q

What is a potentially severe side-effect of ACE inhibitors?

A

Angioedema- the sudden swelling of the mouth, tongue and throat.

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7
Q

What is a potentially severe side-effect of biguanides (metformin)?

A

Lactic acidosis- build up of lactic acid in the blood that can lead to severe hypotension and hypothermia.

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8
Q

What are some potentially severe side-effects of fluoroquinolone antibiotics?

A

Severe irreversible tendon injuries, peripheral neuropathy (numbness and tingling) and ruptures or tears of the aorta.

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9
Q

What are some side-effects associated with diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?

A

Drowsiness and dry mouth

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10
Q

What are some examples of medications that can discolour your urine?

A

Senna
Sulfasalazine
Nitrofurantoin
Rifampicine
Entacapone
Levodopa-containing preparations

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11
Q

What are some potential side-effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

Hyperkalaemia
Persistent dry cough
Angioedema
Hypoglycaemia
Renal impairment

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12
Q

What are some potential side-effects of ARBs?

A

Hyperkalaemia
Angioedema
Hyponatraemia
Myalgia
Arthralgia

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13
Q

What are some potential side-effects of beta-blockers?

A

Bronchospasm
Coldness of extremities
Sleep disturbances
Exacerbation of psoriasis

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14
Q

Why should the abrupt withdrawal of CCBs be avoided?

A

Can cause exacerbation of myocardial ischaemia

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15
Q

What are some potential side-effects of cytotoxic drugs?

A

-Pregnancy and reproductive function
-Extravasation of IV drugs
-Nausea and vomiting
-Alopecia
-Tumour lysis syndrome
-Hyperuricaemia
-Bone marrow suppression
-Oral mucositis
Thromboembolism

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16
Q

What are corticosteroids?

A

Hormones inbolved in a wide array of physiological responses such as inflammation, stress, the immune response and carbohydrate/protein metabolism.

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17
Q

What are some side-effects of corticosteroids?

A

Cushing’s syndrome
Osteoporosis
Retardation of growth
Thin skin, easily bruised
Immunosuppression
Cataracts ang glaucoma
Oedema
Suppression of HPA axis
Teratogenic
Emotional disturbances
Rise in blood pressure
Obesity
Increased hair growth (hirsutism)
Diabetes mellitus
Striae

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18
Q

Which drugs can cause hypokalaemia?

A

Beta2 agonists
Laxative abuse
Insulin
Theophylline
Aminophylline
Diuretics
Fludrocortisone
Hydrocortisone

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19
Q

What are some potential side-effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

Renal Impairment
Hyperkalaemia
Dry cough
Angioedema

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20
Q

What are some potential side-effects of CCBs?

A

Gingival hyperplasia
Dizziness
Oedema
Flushing

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21
Q

What are some potential side-effects of thiazide-like diuretics?

A

Hyperuricaemia
Hyperglycaemia
Erectile dysfunction
Electrolyte changes

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22
Q

What are some potential side-effects of spironolactone?

A

Hyperkalaemia
Gynaecomastia
Changes in libido
Hepatotoxicity

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23
Q

What are some potential side-effects of alpha blockers? (e.g. doxazosin)

A

Floppy iris syndrome
Postural hypotension
Urinary disorders

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24
Q

What are some potential side-effects of aspirin?

A

Asthma
Skin reactions
Peptic ulceration
Increased bleeding time
Reye’s syndrome
Intestinal bleeding
Na retention

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25
Q

What are some common medicines known to cause GI bleeding and ulceration?

A

Antiplatelets
SSRIs
Anticoagulants
Corticosteroids
NSAIDs
Nicorandil (potassium-channel activator)

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26
Q

What are some rare but severe potential side-effects of macrolide antibiotics?

A

Cardiac arrhythmias
Abnormal liver function

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27
Q

What are some rare, but serious, side-effects of erythromycin?

A

-Arrhythmias
-Severe stomach pain, which can be a pancreas issue
-Jaundice, or pale stools with dark peak- liver or gallbladder issues
-Hallucinations
-Temporary hearing loss/ringing in ears/unsteady on feet
-Fever

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28
Q

Which drugs have a potential side-effect of causing hyponatraemia?

A

SSRIs
Carbamazepine
Thiazide-like diuretics
Loop diuretics

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29
Q

What is Stephen-Johnson Syndrome?

A

A rare but serious skin reaction that can be caused by taking certain medications

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30
Q

Which three medication types most commonly cause Stephen-Johnson syndrome?

A

Epilepsy medications (carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin)

Antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole and other sulfa antibiotics)

Anti-inflammatory medications (oxicam anti-inflammatories such as meloxicam and piroxicam).

Also sulfasalazine and allopurinol

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31
Q

What are the symptoms of Stephens-Johnson Syndrome?

A
  • Flu-like symptoms initially, such as a fever, sore throat, cough and joint pain.
    -A rash, which is made up of circular patches that are darker in the middle and lighter around the outside. Usually starts on the upper body before spreading to the face, arms and legs. Not usually itchy.
    -Blisters and sores (lips, mouth, urethra and eyes)
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32
Q

Which anti-epileptic is most likely to cause gingival hyperplasia (gingival overgrowth)?

A

Phenytoin- reported in up to 50% of patients that take the drug

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33
Q

How may a clopidogrel allergy manifest?

A

As a rash

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34
Q

Which drug is Idarucizumab used to reverse the effects of in overdose/toxicity?

A

Dabigatran

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35
Q

Carbamazepine can cause severe allergic reactions, affecting multiple organ systems. What are some symptoms?

A

Fever
Dark urine
Rash
Stomach pain
Tiredness
Yellow eyes/skin

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36
Q

Which drug type is linked to the side-effect of angioedema?

A

ACE inhibitors

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37
Q

Common ADR Topics in the Exam

-ACE inhibitors- first dose hypotension and dry cough

-NSAIDs causing ulceration

-Metformin causing a metallic taste in the mouth

-Taste disturbances: amiodarone, captopril, carbimazole, metronidazole and zopiclone

-Rifampicin can cause urine to go red, and discolour contact lenses

-Levodopa can make urine dark red

-Dry mouth/antimuscarinic side-effects- TCAs and antimuscarinics can cause this

-Atenolol does NOT pass through the BBB, unlike propranolol- avoids CNS side-effects such as bad dreams

A
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38
Q

Medications and Some Side-effects Worth Knowing

-Deafness and kidney failure: Gentamicin
-Depression or hepatic injury: Interferon
-Diabetes: Atypical antipsychotics
-Diarrhoea: Orlistat
-Erectile dysfunction: Many drugs, such as antidepressants
-Glaucoma: corticosteroid-based eye drops
-Lactic acidosis: Metformin
-Peripheral neuropathy: fluoroquinolone antibiotics
-Stroke/MI: sildenafil when used with nitroglycerine
-Tardive dyskinesia: long-term use of metoclopramide and many antipsychotics
-SPontaneous tendon rupture: fluoroquinolone antibiotics, even up to 6 months after treatment cessation.

A

.

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39
Q

Yellow Card Scheme

-Report ALL black triangle drugs (intensely monitored)
-For established drugs and herbal remedies, report all SERIOUS ADRs in adults
-Report all serious AND minor ADRs reported in children (under 18s)

A

.

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40
Q

Steroids can raise blood glucose levels.
True or False?

A

True

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41
Q

Diuretics can cause hypokalaemia.
True or False?

A

True

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42
Q

Skin necrosis is a rare but serious side-effect of which drug?

A

Warfarin

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43
Q

REMEMBER: Heparin can induce _, where you get a significant reduction in platelet count and a rash can also develop.

A

Thrombocytopenia

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44
Q

Why should metoclopramide not be used for N&V in Parkinson’s patients?

A

Can cause muscle spasms/worsen Parkinson symptoms

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45
Q

Diuretic Side-Effects

Thiazides: can cause hyponatreamia, hypokalaemia and HYPERcalcaemia

Loops: can cause hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia and hypocalcaemia

A
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46
Q

Which beta-blocker is most likely to cause cold extremeties?

A

Propranolol

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47
Q

What electrolyte can be depleted in the body by prolonged use of PPIs?

A

Magnesium

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48
Q

Which steroid is most likely to cause hypertension as a side-effect?

A

Hydrocortisone

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49
Q

Atenolol and sotalol are the beta-blockers that are most likely to cause asleep disturbances and cold extremities.
True or False?

A

False

They are least likely to

50
Q

What is a potential severe side-effect of vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine etc)?

A

Neurotoxicity

51
Q

Remember: Certain antipsychotics such as olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone and clozapine can exacerbate diabetes by causing _.

A

Hyperglycaemia

52
Q

Which drug can cause ocular micro-deposits as a side-effect?

A

Amiodarone

53
Q

Phenytoin can cause leucophenia. What are some potential side-effects?

A

Fever
Malaise
Swollen lymph nodes

54
Q

The ‘Yasmin’ contraceptive pill can cause weight loss. How does this occur?

A

Drospirenone has a diuretic effect, which reduces fluid retention

55
Q

How long does it take for the average person to excrete one unit of alcohol?

A

1 hour

56
Q

What are some of the main adverse effects of amiodarone?

A

-Thyroid dysfunction, both hypo- and hyper-thyroidism
-Corneal deposits
-Pulmonary fibrosis/pneumonitis
-Liver fibrosis/hepatitis
-Peripheral neuropathy, myopathy
-Photosensitivity
-‘slate-grey’ appearance
-Thrombophlebitis and injection site reactions
-Bradycardia
-Lengthens QT interval

57
Q

Characteristic Antibiotic Side-Effects

-Amoxicillin: Rash with infectious mononucleosis
-Co-amoxiclav: Cholestasis
-Flucloxacillin: Cholestasis (usually develops several weeks after use)
-Erythromycin: GI upset, QT interval prolongation
-Ciprofloxacin: Lowers seizure threshold, tendonitis
-Metronidazole: reaction following alcohol
-Doxycycline: Photosensitivity
-Trimethoprim: Rashes, photosensitivity, pruritus, suppression of haematopoiesis

A

.

58
Q

What are some characteristic side-effects of trimethoprim?

A

Rashes
Photosensitivity
Pruritis
Suppression of haematopoiesis

59
Q

How would benzodiazepine overdose be treated?

A

Flumazenil

60
Q

How would poisoning by organophosphate insecticides be treated?

A

Atropine

61
Q

How would cyanide poisoning be treated?

A

Hydroxocobalamin

62
Q

Retinoids Side-Effects

-Teratogenecity
-Dry skin, eyes and lips
-Low mood
-Raised triglycerides
-Hair thinning
-Nose bleeds
-Intracranial _ (should not be combined with tetracyclines for this reason).
-Photosensitivity

A

Hypertension

63
Q

What are some potential side effects of retinoids?

A

-Teratogenecity
-Dry skin, eyes and lips
-Low mood
-Raised triglycerides
-Hair thinning
-Nose bleeds
-Intracranial hypertension (should not be combined with tetracyclines for this reason).
-Photosensitivity

64
Q

What alterations in liver function tests are associated with phenytoin hepatotoxicity?

A

Elevations in serum aminotransferases, lactic dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and prothrombin time

65
Q

Monitoring Requirements: Cardiovascular Drugs

-Statins: LFT at baseline, 3 months and 12 months

-ACEi: U&E prior to treatment, after increasing dose and at least annually

-Amiodarone: TFT, LFT, U&E, CXR prior to treatment, then TFT and LFT every 6 months.

Digoxin: Serum concentration, U&E

A

.

66
Q

What are the monitoring requirements for amiodarone?

A

TFT, LFT, U&E, CXR prior to treatment, then TFT and LFT every 6 months.

67
Q

Monitoring Requirements: Rheumatology Drugs

-Methotrexate: FBC, U&E and LFT before starting treatment, repeat weekly until stabilised. Then, every 2-3 months.

-Azathioprine: FBC and LFT before treatment, FBC weekly for the first 4 weeks. Then FBC and LFT every 3 months.

A

.

68
Q

What are the monitoring requirements for methotrexate?

A

FBC, U&E and LFT before starting treatment, repeat weekly until stabilised. Then, every 2-3 months.

69
Q

Monitoring Requirements: Neuropsychiatric Drugs

-Lithium: TFT and U&E prior to treatment, then lithium levels weekly until stabilised and then every 3 months. TFT and U&E every 6 months.

-Sodium Valproate: LFT and FBC before treatment, then LFT periodically during first 6 months of treatment.

A

.

70
Q

What are the monitoring requirements for lithium?

A

TFT and U&E prior to treatment, then lithium levels weekly until stabilised and then every 3 months. TFT and U&E every 6 months.

71
Q

Long term use of which diuretic has been linked to the development of non-melanoma skin cancer?

A

Hydrochlorthiazide

72
Q

LMWH can cause hypokalaemia.
True or False?

A

False
They can cause HYPERkalaemia

73
Q

SSRIs can cause hyponatraemia but aren’t commonly associated with hyperkalaemia.

A
74
Q

Which category of antihypertensives is most commonly associated with postural hypotension?

A

Alpha-blockers, e.g. doxazosin.

75
Q

Managing High INR in Warfarin Patients

Target is 2.5 in most patients, but 3.5 in patients with a mechanical heart valve.

-INR between 5-8, no signs of bleeding; temporarily withold warfarin, measure INR 2-3 days later and restart when <5.
-In life threatening bleeding/minor bleeding with an INR 8<, administer IV phytomenadione- correction usually takes 6-8 hours.

A

..

76
Q

How should a situation be handled if a patient taking warfarin has an INR of 5.0-8.0, but has no signs of bleeding?

A

Withhold warfarin, measure INR 2-3 days later and restart when INR <5.

77
Q

Which TCA is considered safer in overdose than other TCA’s?

A

Lofepramine

78
Q

What are some rare, but more serious, adverse effects of sulfonylureas?

A

Hyponatraemia
Bone marrow suppression
Hepatotoxicity
Peripheral neuropathy

79
Q

What is a potential electrolyte disturbance that can come from overuse of salbutamol?

A

Hypokalaemia

80
Q

Which laxative can make urine pink?

A

Co-danthramer

81
Q

Drug induced colitis is a potential severe side-effect of which antibiotic?

A

Clindamycin

82
Q

Carbamazepine can cause hepatic disorders.
True or False?

A

True

83
Q

Heparins and LMWHs can cause hypokalaemia.
True or False?

A

False
They can cause HYPERkalaemia

84
Q

Drugs That Cause Hyperkalaemia

-ACEi/ARBs
-Aldosterone antagonists
-Trimethoprim
-Co-trimoxazole
-Amiloride
-Heparin/LMWH
Potassium-sparing diuretics
-Beta blockers
-Digoxin (at toxic levels)
-Ciclosporin
-Tacrolimus
-NSAIDs

A

.

85
Q

Drugs That Cause Hypokalaemia

-Laxatives
-Diuretics
-High doses of beta-2 agonists
-Theophylline
-High doses of penicillin
-Gentamicin
-Amphotericin
-High doses of insulin
-Corticosteroids
-Sodium bicarbonate
-Echinocandin antifungals

A

.

86
Q

Drugs That Cause Hyponatraemia

-ACEi
-Heparin
-Diuretics
-Antidepressants
-Antipsychotics
-Carbamazepine
-Atovaquone
-Amphotericin
-Sulfonylureas
-Desmopressin
-Cyclophosphamide
-Acetazolomide

A

.

87
Q

Drugs That Cause Hypernatraemia

-Diuretics (sometimes)
-Sodium bicarbonate
-Sodium chloride
-Corticosteroids
-Anabolic steroids
-Androgens
-Oestrogens

Hyperglycaemia in diabetes can also lead to hypernatraemia

A
88
Q

What are some examples of drugs that can cause hyperkalaemia?

A

-ACEi/ARBs
-Aldosterone antagonists
-Trimethoprim
-Co-trimoxazole
-Amiloride
-Heparin/LMWH
Potassium-sparing diuretics
-Beta blockers
-Digoxin (at toxic levels)
-Ciclosporin
-Tacrolimus
-NSAIDs

89
Q

What are some drugs that can cause hyponatraemia?

A

-ACEi
-Heparin
-Diuretics
-Antidepressants
-Antipsychotics
-Carbamazepine
-Atovaquone
-Amphotericin
-Sulfonylureas
-Desmopressin
-Cyclophosphamide
-Acetazolomide

90
Q

What are some drugs that can cause hypokalaemia?

A

-Laxatives
-Diuretics
-High doses of beta-2 agonists
-Theophylline
-High doses of penicillin
-Gentamicin
-Amphotericin
-High doses of insulin
-Corticosteroids
-Sodium bicarbonate
-Echinocandin antifungals

91
Q

What are some symptoms of hyperkalaemia?

A

Heart palpitations
SOB
Chest pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Muscle weakness

92
Q

What are some symptoms of hyponatraemia?

A

Fatigue
Low BP
Headache
Muscle weakness/cramps

93
Q

If someone taking theophylline smokes and then stops smoking, how will that impact the dose?

A

Smoking significantly increases theophylline clearance; after stopping smoking, the dose may need to be significantly decreased.

94
Q

Digoxin

-Serum concentration and U&E/renal function should be monitored.
Signs of toxicity include confusion, nausea, disturbed colour vision and bradycardia.

A

.

95
Q

Montelukast can cause neuropsychiatric side-effects. What are some examples?

A

Sleep disturbances/nightmares
Behaviour changes
Speech impairment, e.g. stuttering

These are not severe side-effects; they are fairly common and not dangerous

96
Q

Pioglitazone can cause fluid retention and precipitate congestive heart failure. This can occur more frequently when used alongside which antidiabetic drug?

A

Insulin

97
Q

Sulfasalazine can cause agranulocytosis, and should therefore report symptoms of a sore throat, malaise and a fever.

A
98
Q

Amiodarone can cause photosensitivity.
True or False?

A

True

99
Q

Which antibiotic can prolong the QT interval?

A

Clarithromycin

100
Q

Which biochemical tests can phenytoin increase the results of?

A

Increase in serum aminotransferases, bilirubin and prothrombin time

101
Q

How does isosorbide mononitrate work, and what side-effects can this cause?

A

Works by dilating blood vessels to reduce blood pressure- can cause dizziness and headaches.
Throbbing headaches are a very common side-effect of nitrate drugs

102
Q

Why should patients receive a chest X-ray prior to starting treatment with amiodarone?

A

Can cause severe lung toxicity- required prior to starting treatment, and then annually to monitor changes

103
Q

Which drug can cause thinning skin, dry skin and chapped lips as a side effect?

A

Isotretinoin- can also cause intracranial hypertension, hair thinning, raised triglycerides, nose bleeds and photosensitivity

104
Q

Thiazides can cause hyperuricaemia and hyperglycaemia.
True or False?

A

True

105
Q

Linezolid is an antibiotic used to treat gram-positive infections. What is a potentially severe side-effect of use?

A

Optic neuropathy

106
Q

Vancomycin treatment can cause a severe increase in platelet levels.
True or False?

A

False
It can cause thrombocytopenia (low platelets)

107
Q

What are some main side-effects of mineralocorticoid use?

A

Calcium loss
Potassium loss
Water retention
Sodium retention
Hypertension

108
Q

What are some main side-effects of glucocorticoids?

A

Diabetes
Osteoporosis
Weight gain
Muscle wasting
Psychiatric reactions
Peptic ulceration potentially
High doses are also linked avascular necrosis of the femoral head

109
Q

What effect does buprenorphine have on other opioids?

A

It blocks/antagonises the effects of other opioids.

110
Q

Desmopressin can cause hyponatraemia.

A
111
Q

Bezafibrate is not linked to muscle pain as a side-effect, unlike statins.
True or False?

A

False
Bezafibrate can cause muscle oain

112
Q

Which supplement can cause GI upset and darkened stools as a side-effect?

A

Iron supplements

113
Q

Zonisamide is used to treat epilepsy. It is important to avoid overheating and exercising too much. Why is this the case?

A

Zonisamide makes you sweat less and you are therefore more prone to overheating

114
Q

Baclofen can cause drowsiness. What ‘drug’ when used alongside this medication can worsen this effect?

A

Alcohol

115
Q

Which antidiabetic drug increases your risk of developing heart failure?

A

Pioglitazone

116
Q

Drugs which can cause photosensitivity (SAN LIGHT)

Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
NSAIDs

Loop diuretics
Isotretinoin
Griseofulvin
Hydrochlorothiazide
Tetracycline

A

.

117
Q

What are some side-effects of levodopa-containing preparations?

A

Dementia
Abnormal dreams
Depression
Taste disturbances

118
Q

Sulfasalazine can cause temporary infertility as a side-effect.

A
119
Q

What are some common adverse effects of levodopa-containing preparations?

A

common adverse effects:
dry mouth
anorexia
palpitations
postural hypotension
psychosis

120
Q

NSAIDs and their Bleed Risk

Low Risk:
-Naproxen 1000mg a day or less
-Ibuprofen 1200mg a day or less

Moderate Risk:
-Indometacin, Diclofenac, Naproxen (>1g/day), ibuprofen (>1.2g/day)

High Risk:
-Piroxicam
-Ketoprofen
-Ketorolac trometamol

A

.

Pre-Registration Revision (24 decks)

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