Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Yr 2 - Pharmacology > drug habituation, tolerance and dependence > Flashcards

drug habituation, tolerance and dependence Flashcards

1
Q

What makes drugs of abuse psychoactive?

A

They can cross the blood brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In which 4 ways do drugs of abuse affect brain function?

A
  • Mood
  • Perception
  • Behaviour
  • Cognition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the key feature of drugs of abuse that makes them addictive?

A

The user finds it rewarding and pleasant

Withdrawal= bad feeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What two processes occur once you have been taking a drug repeatedly fro long periods of time?

A

Tolerance

Dependence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why does dependence occur?

A

Long term adaptive changes occur in receptors, transporters and second messengers etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is withdrawal syndrome?

A

The unpleasant physical symptoms when an addicted person stops taking a drug of abuse

(means they want to take it again even more!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How long after a person stops taking a drug of abuse can craving last for?

A

Many years!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why does withdrawal occur?

A

Uncompensated adaptive changes

(e.g. decrease in dopamine and increase glutamate levels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can cause dependence to occur?

A

Taking larger amounts for longer periods than origionally intended

(e.g. carry on taking opioids e.g. Morphine without pain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which characteristics of an individual who is dependant on a drug (7)?

A
  • Express persistant desire to reduce substance use
  • Spend a lot of time obtaining substance, using it and recovering from using
  • Intense desire for substance (environmental cues)
  • Impaired social performance (withdrawal from society & decreased ability to perform well at work)
  • Risky use of substance (more likely to get caught)
  • Tolerance
  • Withdrawal effects

N.B. wont see all in those who are addicted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is habituation?

A

A reduction in response to a drug when the usual dose is taken (following continued presence of stimuli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does habituation lead to tolerance?

A

Individual must markedly increase dose to achieve the desired effect = keep taking more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How long does it take to start to build up tolerance?

A

4 days (less than a 50% response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is another name for metabolic tolerance?

A

Pharmacokinetic tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does metabolic tolerance work?

A

Alters the metabolism of a drug

(increases break down = lower concentrations left in body = less of an effect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which enzyme expression is up-regulated in repeated alcohol exposure (metabolic tolerance)?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

= ethanol broken down faster = doesn’t reach same levels in blood so less intoxication

17
Q

What is another name for functional tolerance?

A

Pharmacodynamic tolerance

18
Q

What happens in functional tolerance?

A

There is a change in drug target expression or sensitivity on the target cells

19
Q

Give an example of functional tolerance

A

Excess use of opioid receptor agonists

= phosphorylation of opioid receptor = internalisation of receptor or uncoupling of G protein = presence of opioid has no effect as cannot bind or doesn’t start cascade

20
Q

How are receptors internalised?

A

It is held inside the cell in a vesicle membrane

21
Q

By which process are receptors internalised?

A

Dynamin dependent endocytosis

22
Q

What 3 things cause the type and intensity of withdrawal symptoms to vary?

A
  • Drug
  • Amount of drug
  • Time
23
Q

What are the 7 main symptoms of withdrawal?

A
  1. Tachycardia
  2. Hypertension
  3. Sweating
  4. Tremors
  5. Confusion
  6. Seizures
  7. Hallucinations
24
Q

What is craving based on?

A

Psychological dependence

-> drug produces Euphoria and you want to feel the same way again= known as “substance dependant”

25
Q

In which three ways does addiction cause problems?

A
  • Drug harm (direct effects e.g. opiate respiratory depression & route of administration e.g. risk of HIV with IV use)
  • Reduction in users ability to function normally (e.g. in social situations, problems at work = job loss = steal money)
  • Cost to society!
26
Q

Which drug causes the most harm to users and others?

A

Alcohol

27
Q

Give 4 examples of opioid drugs that are drugs of abuse:

A
  • Morphine
  • Diamorphine (heroin)
  • Methadone
  • Oxyxodone
28
Q

Give 4 examples of CNS depressants that are drugs of abuse:

A
  • Ethanol
  • Barbituates
  • Solvents
  • Ketamine

Still activate reward pathway

29
Q

Give two examples of anxiolytics and hypnotics that are drugs of abuse:

A
  • Benzodiazpeines
  • Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)

N.B. both are moderate drugs of abuse… moderate dependency liability

30
Q

Give 4 examples of Psychomotor stimulants (CNS stimulants) that are drugs of abuse:

A
  • Amphetamines
  • Cocaine
  • Nicotine
  • MDMA (ecstasy)
  • > n.b. not psycologically or physically dependent
31
Q

Give two examples of Psychomimetic agents that are drugs of abuse:

A
  • Lysergic acid (LSD)
  • Cannabis
32
Q

What is dependence liability?

A

Includes all the properties of a drug:

  • acute and chronic tolerance,
  • physical dependence and withdrawal,
  • psychologic dependence
33
Q

In which 5 ways do we treat drug dependence?

A
  • Alleviate withdrawal symptoms (e.g. methadone to reduce opioid withdrawal)
  • Long-term substitution (e.g. methadone = bit of a buzz = reduce withdrawal)
  • Blocking response (e.g. naloxone)
  • Aversive therapy (e.g. disulfram = used for alcoholics = gives individual severe immediate hangover so dont want to drink it anymore)
  • Reduce drug craving (e.g. Baclofen = GABA B receptor agonist = reduces craving for alcohol, opioid and stimulant craving)
34
Q

Which two factors affect drug use and addiction?(not everyone gets addicted and not everyone to the same degree)

A

Genetics

  • mutations in dopamine/serotonin receptors e.g. some people feel sick after a small amount of alcohol = less likely to get addicted

Environment

  • availability of drug (if cant get hold of it cant get addicted!)
  • Socio-economic factors (more money = more likely to take but also more likely to take if feel bad/deprived)

Yr 2 - Pharmacology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions