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Yr 2 - Pharmacology > drug abuse > Flashcards

drug abuse Flashcards

1
Q

Which is more addictive… Morphine or Heroin?

A

Heroin

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2
Q

Why is heroin more addictive than morphine?

A

It crosses the blood brain barrier more quickly = quicker and more effective ‘high’

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3
Q

Which three drugs do we use to treat heroin addiction?

A
  • Methadone maintainance (agonist of receptor)
  • Buprenorphine (+ naloxone = stops potential for abuse)
  • Safe controlled heroin supply (reduced chances of infection etc.)
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4
Q

How does opioid abuse affect analgesia?

A

Opioid analgesics = (e.g. morphine & codeine)

  • Addicts have tolerance = need higher than clinical dose to be effective
  • More likely to start abusing again if given
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5
Q

Which analgesic should you use to treat an opioid abuser instead?

A

Pentazocine

(κ agonist & μ antagonist)= analgesia

= withdrawal effects by blocking μ & no euphoria so less likely to become addicted

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6
Q

What do indirecting acting sympathomimetic drugs do?

A

mimic activation of SNS but dont actually activate the receptors= increased dopamine in synapse

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7
Q

Where does Cocaine act in the synapse?

A

Blocks dopamine reuptake

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8
Q

Where does Amphetamine and Methamphetiamine act in the synapse?

A

Amphetamine transported into neurones = release of Dopamine

Inhibits dopamine degradation by monoamine oxidase (MAO)Stimulates dopamine release

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9
Q

DOPAMINE REUPTAKE

A

DOPAMINE REUPTAKE

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10
Q

DOPAMINE REUPTAKE

A

DOPAMINE REUPTAKE

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11
Q

DOPAMINE REUPTAKE

A

DOPAMINE REUPTAKE

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12
Q

DOPAMINE REUPTAKE

A

DOPAMINE REUPTAKE

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13
Q

DOPAMINE REUPTAKE

A

DOPAMINE REUPTAKE

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14
Q

DOPAMINE REUPTAKE

A

DOPAMINE REUPTAKE

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15
Q

DOPAMINE REUPTAKE

A

DOPAMINE REUPTAKE

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16
Q

DOPAMINE REUPTAKE

A

DOPAMINE REUPTAKE

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17
Q

What are the two forms of cocaine?

A

Cocaine hydrochloride (nasal inhalation or IV administration)

Crack cocaine (insoluble! smoked = vaporises at 90 degrees) -> crosses membranes in blood more readily = free base form

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18
Q

How is crack cocaine produced from Cocaine hydrochloride?

A

Heat up cocaine hydrochloride with bicarbonate

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19
Q

What are the 9 Amphetamine acute side effects?

A
  • Elevated mood
  • Increase alertness
  • Insomnia
  • Increased stamina
  • Anorexia
  • Aggression
  • Psychosis
  • Increased heart rate
  • Raised blood pressure
20
Q

What are the 6 post drug amphetamine side effects?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Sedation
  • Depression
  • Dysphoria
  • Psychiatric disorders
  • Sustained effects on BP
21
Q

Where does Ecstasy (MDMA) act in the synapses?

A

Causes 5-HT release

Inhibits 5-HT reuptake

22
Q

Why do we combine MDMA with Prozac?

A
  • MDMA is immediate (doesn’t take weeks for effect)
  • MDMA can cause neurodegeneration (blocked by prozac)
23
Q

What are the 5 extra acute effects of MDMA than amphetamine?

A
  • Perception disruption
  • increases body temp
  • thirst
  • allergic reactions
  • 5-HT syndrome (massive 5-HT release = headaches & dizziness)

N.b. the rest are the same as amphetamine but NO aggression with MDMA

24
Q

What are the 2 extra post drug effects of MDMA than amphetamine?

A
  • Anxiety
  • Depression

N.b. also fewer cardiovascular effects

25
Q

What are the active components of cannabis sativa (cannabis leaves)?

A

Lipid-soluble cannabinoids

26
Q

What s the main psychoactive (CNS) constituent of cannabis?

A

THC = Δ 9 tetrahydrocannabinol

27
Q

Which receptors does cannabis act on?

A

CB1 & CB2 receptors

28
Q

Which receptor that cannabis acts on is responsible for the CNS effects of the drug?

A

CB1

29
Q

What type of receptors are CB1 & CB2?

A

GPCR (Gi/o)

= increase K

Decrease Ca

Decrease cAMP

30
Q

Name an endogenous agonist of CB1 & CB2:

A

Anandamide

31
Q

List the 8 acute effects of cannabis:

A
  • Sedation
  • Feeling unwell
  • Perceptual change e.g. time
  • lowered temperature
  • increased heart rate
  • anti-emetic (stops feeling sick)
  • Appetite stimulation
  • Analgesia
32
Q

Why is cannabis not very addictive?

A

No reported withdrawal syndrome (no severe effects)

33
Q

If cannabis is not addictive then why do some people keep taking it (2)??

A
  • physiological addiction (want the feel good experience again)
  • A-motivational syndrome (less motivated when taking it = find it more difficult to change their behaviour)
34
Q

What is the most highly expressed GPCR in the brain?

A

CB1

n.b. we don’t understand exactly what it does

35
Q

Can long term cannabis use cause irreversible cognitive decline?

A
  • cognitive decline while under influence & some if smoked for long periods of time (irreversible)

Not absolute proof though

36
Q

Can cannabis use cause schizophrenia?

A
  • Stronger cannabis (skunk) but incidence of schizophrenia not increased at same rate as strength of cannabis
  • may be link that those more likely to develop schizophrenia are also more likely to take cannabis
37
Q

Name a CB1 receptor antagonist:

A

Rimonabant

38
Q

What were the problems with the CB1 receptor antagonist Rimonabant?

A

Induced depression and other psychological disturbances = not used clinically

39
Q

Which possible uses was rimonabant clinically trialled for?

A

Anti-obesity

Anti-smoking

(animal studies decreased ethanol consumption & heroin and cocaine relapse)

40
Q

How many groups of Hallucinogens are there?

A

two

41
Q

Name two group 1 hallucinogens:

A
  • LSD (Lysergic acid diethyl amide)
  • Psilocybin
42
Q

What type of drugs are group 1 hallucinogens?

A

5-HT2A receptor agonists

43
Q

Name two group 2 hallucinogens:

A
  • PCP = phencyclidine/ ‘angel dust’
  • Ketamine (anaesthetic for children and animals)
44
Q

What type of drugs are group 2 hallucinogens?

A

NMDA receptor antagonists

45
Q

What are the 6 acute effects of hallucinogens?

A
  • altered sensations
  • visual distrubances
  • Euphoria
  • Psychosis
  • Panic
  • Flashbacks
46
Q

What are the 3 main withdrawal symptoms?

A
  • Panic attacks
  • Flashbacks
  • Psychiatric disturbances

Yr 2 - Pharmacology (18 decks)

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