DRUG ADM Flashcards
Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous
Aromatic water
clear saturated aqueous solutions of volatile oils or other aromatic substance – used as a vehicle, flavors or performing agent
Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)
Aromatic water
eg
E.g. Peppermint water - flavored vehicle;
rose water -performing agent
Aqueous acids
the official inorganic acids and organic acids, although of minor significance as therapeutic agents - has great importance in chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing
Aqueous acids
eg
Glacial Acetic Acid -caustic agent; Hydrochloric acid - acidifying agent
Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)
Solutions (oral)
- liquid prep. that contain one or more soluble
substances usually dissolve in water
Solutions (oral)
eg
ORS (Oresol) – an electrolyte replenisher
Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)
Syrups
- concentrated solutions of sugar as sucrose in water or other aqueous liquid.
Syrups
eg
E.g. simple syrup –
used as a flavor (solution of sucrose in purified water)
Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)
Jellies
class of gels in which the structural coherent matrix contains a high proportion of liquid, usually water. With jelly-like consistency.
Jellies
eg
E.g. KY jelly- used as a lubricant
Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)
Mouthwash
- aqueous in nature, pleasantly flavored solutions often colored and may either be acidic or basic in reaction
Mouthwash
eg
E.g. sterine, Bactidol
Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)
Gargles
aqueous solution,
frequently containing antiseptics, antibiotics or anesthetics, used for treating the pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from the lungs through the gargle which is held in the throat;
Gargles
eg
subsequently the gargle is expectorated E.g. Cepacaine solution; Povidone iodine (betadine)
Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)
Douches
an aqueous solution directed against a part into a cavity of the body – functions as a cleansing or antiseptic agent
Douches
eg
E.g. Vaginal douche – Lactic acid irrigation
Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)
Enemas
rectal injections to evacuate the bowel (as in evacuation enema) or influence the general system by absorption, or affect locally the site of disease (retention enema) or they may contain radiopaque substances for exam of the lower bowel.
Enemas
eg
E.g. Sulfasalazine rectal enema – for
ulcerative colitis;
enema – for x-ray
Barium sulfate
enema
Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)
Irrigation solutions
to wash or bathe surgical incisions, wounds or bodily tissues
Irrigation solutions
eg
E.g. NaCl 0.9% irrigation – for washing wounds
Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)
Eye (ophthalmic solutions)
sterile products essentially free from foreign particles, suitably compounded and packaged for installation into theeye
Eye (ophthalmic solutions)
eg
E.g. Tears Naturale II (Alcon)for relief of dry eyes
Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)
Otic (Aural solutions)
placed in the ear canal by drops or in small amounts for the removal of excessive cerumen (ear wax) or for
the treatment of ear infections, inflammation or pain
Otic (Aural solutions)
eg
E.g. Auralgan otic solutions - for acute otitis media
Liquids (Single phase –
clear – aqueous)
Nose (Nasal solutions
usually aqueous solutions designed to be administered to nasal passages in drops or sprays
) Nose (Nasal solutions
eg
Nasalcrom nasal solution – for seasonal or perennial rhinitis
Liquids (Single phase-
Non-aqueous)
Elixir
clear, pleasantly flavored, sweetened hydro alcoholic liquids intended for oral use
Elixir
eg
Phenobarbital elixir - sedative and hypnotic
Liquids (Single phase-
Non-aqueous)
Spirits / Essences
alcoholic or hydro alcoholic solutions of volatile substances used internally for their medicinal value, a few by inhalation and a large number
as flavoring agent
Spirits / Essences
eg
E.g. Aromatic ammonia spirit- used as a respiratory stimulant
Liquids (Single phase-
Non-aqueous)
Dental liniments
liquid preparations which are applied to
the gums for their local stimulant and anesthetic effects
Dental liniments
Eg
.g. Delabarre - used during the teething period of babies – has a soothing effect
Glycerin solutions
Glycerins or Glycerites
solutions or mixtures of medicinal
substances in not less than 50% by weight of Glycerin (solvent)
Glycerins or Glycerites
eg
Externol (contains 5% Carbamide Peroxide [Urea
Hydrogen Peroxide]) – used in dispersing earwax
Collodions
eg
E.g. Salicylic acid
Ethereal solutions
Collodions
- liquid preparations containing pyroxylin in a mixture of ethyl ether and ethanol.They are applied to the skin by means of a soft brush or a suitable applicator – intended for “External use only” and should be applied to dry tissues
Collodion 10%
keratolytic – an agent used in the
treatment of corns and warts
it should not be applied to
skin that is bruised or broken
Collodion 10%
eg
E.g. Camphor liniment - a mild counterirritant for inflamed joints, sprains and rheumatism
Oleaginous preparations
Liniments
- solutions or mixture of various substances in oil, alcoholic solutions of soap or emulsions and may contain anti-microbial preservatives, for “external use only
Toothache drops
(Odontalgicum)-
preparations used for the temporary relief of toothache by application of a small pledget of cotton with the product into the tooth decay cavity.
–used as a local anesthetic
Oleovitamins
fish liver oil diluted with edible vegetable oil or solutions of the indicated vitamins or vitamin concentrate (usually vitamin A & D) in fish liver oil usually in a form of soft gel capsules
Inhalants / Inhalations
- drugs or solutions suspensions of one or more drug substances administered by the nasal or oral respiratory route for either a local or systemic effect.
Inhalants / Inhalations
eg
Ventolin inhalation aerosol - beta- adrenergic agonist
Liquids (Single phase) – extracts from plants
Tinctures
alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical substances.
Tinctures
eg
E.g. tincture of iodine 2% - germicide and fungicide strong iodine 7% -antiseptic
Liquids (Single phase) – extracts from plants
Extracts
concentrated preparations of vegetable or animal drugs obtained by the removal of the active constituents of the respective, evaporation of all solvents and adjustments of residual masses or powders to the prescribed standards.
3 Types of Extracts
Semi-liquid -used as concentrates in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals
b) Solid extracts - used in ointments and suppositories
c) Powdered extracts - used in formulation of capsule, tablet or powder
Liquids - (Two-phase)
Suspensions
- liquid preparations containing suspended insoluble particles in liquid. Has a “shake
well” label.
Liquids - (Two-phase)
Mixtures
- oral liquids, containing one or more active ingredients dis- solved, suspended or dispersed in a suitable vehicle -
Mixtures
eg
E.g. Kaolin mixture with pectin - for the treatment of diarrhea in children
) Lotions
eg
E.g Caladryl lotion - an antipruritic
Liquids - (Two-phase)\
) Lotions
- suspensions “For external use only”, topical application to the skin
Liquids - (Two-phase)
) Magmas / Milk
-dispersions of insoluble inorganic molecules or suspensions of finely divided materials in small amount of
water. They are never
refrigerated because they stratify.
) Magmas / Milk
eg
E.g. Milk of Magnesia - an antacid
Liquids - (Two-phase)
Gels
- semi-solid on standing and liquefies when shaken.
Gels
eg
E.g. Cremalin gel - an antacid
Emulsions
- a two phase system in
which one liquid is dispersed through- out another liquid in the form of small droplets
. Semi-solids
Ointments
- semi- solid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membrane
Emulsions
eg
E.g. Cod liver oil emulsion
Creams
- viscous liquids or semi-solid emulsions for externa
Ointments
eg
E.g. Lidocaine ointment
Creams
eg
use E.g. Nivea (cleansing cream) - for
beautifying purposes
Powders
- mixture of finely divided drug or chemicals in dry powdered state for internal or external use
Powders
eg
foot powders - an antiperspirant
Pastes
ointment–like preparation for external application; used to absorb serous secretions making it suited for application on and
around moist lesions
Pastes
eg
E.g. Zinc oxide paste - used as a mild astringent, protective and antiseptic in the treatment of skin disease
Capsules
- usually made of gelatin which are used to dispense powdered drug. Soft capsules are sealed together
) Pills
small, round solid dosage forms containing medicinal agent and are intended for oral administration
Lozenges
flat round or rectangular preparations which are held in mouth until they dissolve, liberating the drug involved
Tablets
preparations of powdered drugs which are compressed or molded into small disks. Maybe covered with a colored coating to make them attractive.
Suppositories
- solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body orifices where they melt, soften, or dissolve and exert localized or systemic effects
Plaster =
eg
- substances intended for external application of such materials and of such consistency as to adhere to the skin
E.g. Salonpas; Corn plaster
Dressings and eg
external applications resembling ointments usually used as a covering or protection
E.g. Sofratulle
Cements = eg
- dental preparations
employed primarily as protective coverings for exposed pulps
E.g. Zinc-eugenol cement
Injections /Parenteral - eg
intended for injections under or through one or more layers of the skin or mucous membrane.
E.g. D5LR 1000 ml (LVP)
) Inappropriate when GIT has reduced motility
oral route
) Cannot be used before certain
diagnostic test or surgical
procedure
oral route
Do not administer enteric
coated with
antacids, milk or other alkaline substances
Suspensions are never administered
IV
If patient vomits within 20 to 30 min. of taking the drugs,
notify the MD
Suppositories tend to at room temperature
soften
must be ref
Have client remain on side for
____ after insertion
suppositirty
twenty minutes
Skin (Epicutaneous)
Disadvantage :
presence of hair in the skin and fats to underlying tissues can delay absorption of the drug
eye For irrigation, tilt the client
towards the
affected side
For liquid eye medication, press firmly on the nasolacrimal duct for at least
30 seconds
Ear - (Aural / Otic)
For irrigation, warm solution
at body temperature
2) Place the client in a ___
position with the ear being
treated the uppermost
sidelying
For children 0 – 3 year - pull the pinna
downward and
backward
For older than 3 years old up to adults -
pull the pinna upward and backwards
Press gently but firmly a few
times on the tragus of the ear to assist the flow of medications into the ear canal
6) Ask the client to remain in the sidelying position for about
5 minutes
Nasal - Nose drops
sequence
Have the client blow or empty his nose prior to nasal instillation
2) Assume a backlying position
3) Elevate the nares slightly by
elevating the thumb against the client’s tip of the nose
4) Keep the head tilted backward for 5 minutes after instillation of nasal drops
Vaginal irrigation
seqienmce
Note :
1) Have the client empty her
bladder before the procedure.
2) Position and drape the client
) Place the irrigating container
higher than the client about 30 cm (12 in.)
Ask the client to remain in bed for 5 to 10 minutes following the administration of vaginal suppository, cream, foam, jelly, or irrigation
Parenteral administration is not suitable for
insoluble substances
Vaginal irrigation
For instillation
For irrigation
➥ For instillation - place client in a back-lying position with the knees flexed and hips rotated laterally
➥ For irrigation - place in a
backlying position with the hips higher than the shoulder; use bedpan
If the drug is a broncho- dilator, administer a maximum of
two puffs for at least 30 seconds
interval
Subcutaneous
Outer aspect of the upper arm (the most common area used); anterior aspect of the thigh; abdomen; scapular areas of the upper back; upper ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal areas
Intradermal
sitees
Sites : Inner lower arm, upper chest, back beneath the scapulae
Complications of IV infusion:
. Local complications:
1) Infiltration
2) Extravasation
3) Thrombophlebitis
4) Phlebitis
5) Nerve Damage
b. Systemic complications:
1) Embolism
2) Circulatory overload
3) Drug overload
4) Infection
-unintentional administration of a nonvesicant solution or medication into the surrounding tissue
Infiltration
IV cannula dislodge or perforates the wall of the vein.
Infiltration
manmagement
Stop the infusion and remove the device.
Elevate the limb to increase patient comfort; a warm compress may be applied.
Check the patient’s pulse and capillary refill time.
Infiltration
Medications such as:
Calcium preparations(Calcium
chloride, Calcium gluconate)
2. Vasopressors(Dopamine)
3. Potassium
4. Chemotherapeutic agents
(Vancomycin, Vinblastin,
Vincristine)
is the leaking of vesicant drugs into surrounding tissue. Extravasation can cause severe local tissue damage, possibly leading to delayed healing, infection, tissue necrosis, disfigurement, loss of function, and even amputation.
Extravasation
is inflammation of a vein
Phlebitis
Medications that can cause Phlebitis:
Phenytoin
2) Diazepam
3) Erythromycin
4) Tetracycline
5) Vancomycin
6) Amphotericin B
7) KCl
- presence of clot plus inflammation of the vein
Thrombophlebitis
– air enters the central venous system
Air Embolism
Priority nursing actions:
Air Embolism
Clamp the cannula immediately
Place Patient in Left Trendelenburg position
Administer O2
NOTE:
COMPLICATIONS: SHOCK and DEATH
circulatory overload and excess of fluid disrupts homeostasis caused by infusion at a rate greater than the patients system is able to accommodate
Fluid overload
Fluid overload
CAUSES
Roller clamp loosened to allow run on infusion
2) Flow rate too rapid
Miscalculation of fluid requirements
-is the successful transmission or encounter of host with potentially pathogenic organism
Infection
