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MSKI Final Exam material > Dr. Karius' Synapse lecture > Flashcards

Dr. Karius' Synapse lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Cell to Cell communication achieved by

A

Gap junctions

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2
Q

Gap Junctions are made from

A

connexons

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3
Q

Where might you find connexons?

A

in the heart because it creates rapid synchronicity

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4
Q

Endocrine means the chemical messengers are

A

released into the blood

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5
Q

Paracrine means the chemical messengers are

A

released via diffusion through Extracellular fluid (ECF) to neighboring cell

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6
Q

Autocrine means the chemical messengers are

A

released nito ECF, and the chemical binds to receptos on the cell that released it.

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7
Q

Which forms of chemical transmission uses the ECF as the route of transmission?

A

autocrine and paracrine

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8
Q

Membrane specificity: receptors INSIDE the cell will be utilized by chemical messengers sent via _______

A

endocrine

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9
Q

Neurotransmission may be classified as a specialized form of

A

paracrine communication

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10
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

1) is an actual Gap
2) has actual ECF in between the pre-and post sides
3) anatomically isolated

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11
Q

Post-synaptic characteristics

A

1) densities = NT receptors
2) electron rich
3) contains receptors for neurotransmitter
4) Extensive surface area

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12
Q

Pre-synaptic characteristics

A

1) mitochondria
2) Vesicles for storage
3) increased surfaced area

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13
Q

Definition of neurotransmitter

A

a chemical mediator released from one neuron that acts on another neuron/excitable tissue at a synapse

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14
Q

Cholinergic =

A

acetycholine

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15
Q

Adrenergic =

A 
dopamine 
norepinephrine 
epinephrine 
serotonin 
histamine
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16
Q

Excitatory amino acids =

A

glutamate/aspartate

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17
Q

Inhibitory amino acids =

A

glycine (spinal cord, brainstem)

GABA, CNS

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18
Q

Order of events leading up to NT release

A

1) synthesis in soma or axon
2) transport to pre-synaptic terminal
3) packaging in vesicles
4) congregation of vesicles in “active zone” (docking and priming)

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19
Q

NT release

A

: Axonal AP (Na influx, propagation) –> Presynaptic terminal influx of Ca through voltage gated Ca channels, depolarization opens channels

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20
Q

What does Calcium do for the NT release between a pre and post synaptic terminal junction?

A

Calcium binds to a protein complex that draws the pre and post synaptic membrane terminals (between two axons) together to form a pore so NT can diffuse across

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21
Q

Pre synaptic events (8)

A

1) depolarization of pre-syn terminal
2) opening of voltage gated calcium channels
3) influx of calcium into terminal
4) binding of calcium to appropriate proteins
5) conformational change in proteins brings docked vesicles to membrane
6) fusion of vesicular membrane with cell membrane
7) creation of fusion “pore”
8) diffusion of neurotransmitter into synaptic through/cleft

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22
Q

What proteins make up the “protein” complex between terminals?

A

VAMPS/SNAPs

23
Q

Methods of ACh removal: the most basic is

A

diffusion, but limited by anatomy of synapse, can still have affects

24
Q

Least favored form of ACh removal

A

diffusion

25
Q

Method of ACh removal method 2

A

degradation or binding to proteins: only works for a few neurotransmitters

26
Q

Method of NT removal 3

A

Enzymatic destruction of ACh by AChE in synaptic cleft

27
Q

Method of NT removal 4

A

re-uptake (epinephrine): transporter protein will take NT back into presynaptic terminal

28
Q

mechanisms by which a nueurotransmitter’s action is limited (3)

A 
Enzymatic degradation (ACh)
Natural degradation (NO)
Re-uptake (Epinephrine/norepinephrine)
29
Q

How many ACh are needed to activated a voltage gated ion channel?

A

2

30
Q

What happens if the ACh opens a sodium or calcium channel (EAA) ?

A

Na/Ca enters the dendrite and causes depolarization to initiate an excitatory POST SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL (EPSP)

31
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory post synaptic potential

produced by Na or Ca on a dendrite

Local, graded, die away w/distance and time

(~5 mV depolarization)

32
Q

Some of the dendrite does not have

A

voltage gated ion channels
does have ligand gated ion channels
no way to make an action potential

33
Q

If the soma does not have voltage gated ion channels, what does the axon hillock possess at its INITIAL SEGMENT

A

NO ligand gated channels
voltage gated channels
AP generation here

34
Q

Chloride channels

A

glycine and GABA

cause HYPERPOLARIZATION

initiate an inhibitory post-synaptic potential

35
Q

Glycine and GABA

A

NT’s that act to allow Cl- into SOMA of the neuron causing an inhibitory post-synaptic potentials

36
Q

What’s the spacial difference between Na/Ca channels and Cl- channels?

A

the Na/Ca are on the dendrites further from the cell body, the Cl- channels are closer to the body of the neuron

37
Q

IPSPs and EPSPs can

A

add together (summation)

38
Q

Two kinds of summation

A

Temporal and Spatial

39
Q

Temporal summation

A

multiple APs within a sec/msec (these would occur on the dendrite, not the cell body)

40
Q

Spatial summation

A

multiple synapses (+ or -) acting simultaneously

synapses on both dendrites and soma

41
Q

SS: What will happen if both signals are positive?

A

little hump up + big hump up

42
Q

SS: What will happen if one signal is positive and one is negative

A

little hump down + big hump down

43
Q

SS: What will happen if one signal is positive and one is negative?

A

one round hump up and one slope down

44
Q

Ligand: GABA

receptor, channel type, response type

A

ligand gated Chlorine channel

IPSP

45
Q

Ligand: Glycine

receptor, channel type, response type

A

ligand gated chlorine channel

IPSP

46
Q

Ligand: NMDA (amino acid)

receptor, channel type, response type

A

ligand gated Ca channel

EPSP

47
Q

Ligand: amino acids

receptor, channel type, response type

A

ligand gated Ca channel

EPSP

48
Q

Ligand: ACh

receptor, channel type, response type

A

Ligand gated Na channel

EPSP

49
Q 
Ligand: EAA 
Response: 
Ions 
Electrical response
Effect on excitability
A

EPSP
Na/Ca
Depolarization
Increased (more action potentials)

50
Q 
Ligand: ACh
Response: 
Ions 
Electrical response
Effect on excitability
A

EPSP
Na/Ca
Depolarization
Increased (more action potentials)

51
Q 
Ligand: GABA, glycine 
Response: 
Ions 
Electrical response
Effect on excitability
A

IPSP
Chloride
hyperpolarization
Decreased (fewer aps)

52
Q

Spatial summation

A

multiple synapses
IPSP or EPSP
Vm effects depend on synapses

53
Q

Temporal summation

A

single synapse
all EPSP or IPSP
+ summation if sum is positive (depolarization)
- summation if sum is negative (hyperpolarization)

MSKI Final Exam material (15 decks)

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