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102 Chem > Dr Ferla’s Lectures > Flashcards

Dr Ferla’s Lectures Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the three types of C hybridisation

A

SP3, SP2, SP

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2
Q

What is a substituent

A

Anything that isn’t on the main chain

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3
Q

How do you count carbons in relation to substituents ?

A

Assign the lowest number to the substituent.

Four carbon molecule could have a methyl group on C2. Could be read as it being on C3 but you cont from the lowest one

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4
Q

What are the names for carbon lengths up to 7

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane

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5
Q

Benzene naming systems can be known as orthodox, meta and para. What do each mean?

A

Ortho - 1,2
Meta - 1,3
Para - 1,4

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6
Q

What is the scientific name for 1-methylbenzene and Benzene-1-ol?

A

Toluene and phenol

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7
Q

Pharmacists are a pillar of information for patients about any healthcare worry

A
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8
Q

Structural isomers are…

A

Same formula, atoms bonded in different orders, different properties

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9
Q

Stereoisomers are…

A

Same molecular formula, atoms bonded in same order but different 3D arrangement

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10
Q

What are the two types of optical isomers

A

S/R
D/L

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11
Q

What are the two types of geometrical isomers

A

Cis/trans
E/Z

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12
Q

Any carbon carbon single bond you can have conformational atoms. Basically carbons can rotate and change shape but it doesn’t effect activity

A
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13
Q

What is an enantiomer?

A

They rotate the plan of polarised light

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14
Q

What happens when you polarise light?

A

You filter light so it only flows in one direction

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15
Q

Racemic mixture is…

A

Where two enantiomers are in equal volume so polarising activity stops.

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16
Q

What is the equation to find out how many enantiomers are per chiral centre?

A

2^n

n = number of chiral centres

17
Q

In an optical isomerism, if the groups of priority increase clockwise then it is…

A

An R configuration

18
Q

What is a staggered projection of Ethane?

A

Each hydrogen is at it’s point of least repulsion and energy

19
Q

What is Newmans projection?

A

‘Standing’ view of a chemical

20
Q

What is eclipsing of Ethane?

A

When the hydrogens bound to C1 cover the hydrogens bound to C2 during a Newman projection image

21
Q

What does the term gauche explains about newmans projection?

A

The molecule is still staggered, but the molecules that are bigger than H are still next to each other

22
Q

Which confirmation has the lowest energy? Chair, half twist or boat.

A

Chair

23
Q

In cyclohexane, the H going up and down is known as Axial and the H going horizontally is equatorial

A
24
Q

Draw out the chair molecule for cyclohexane

A
25
Q

Why do bigger substituent prefer to stay equatorial?

A

Least amount of repulsion

26
Q

What is a nucleophile ?

A

Electron donators, attracted to positive ions

27
Q

What is electrophile?

A

Are positively charged and wish to gain an electron

28
Q

What is nucleophilic substitution

A

A nucleophile is swapped with a nucleophile (leaving group)

29
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

When a halide is removed and a sp2 hybridised carbon forms.

30
Q

Nucleophile always attack electrophiles, so the electron always moves from negative to positive

A
31
Q

Huckel’s Rule uses what equation to find out if something is aromatic or not

A

(4N+2)
Benzene = 6
N = 1
so 4+2=6

32
Q

Non aromatic compounds contain an sp3

A
33
Q

Anti aromatic if the equation (4N+2) doesn’t work

A
34
Q

Reaction with extra electrons to donate in the form of lone pairs provide more stabilisation to the aromatic ring

A
35
Q

A CH3 group is reaction activating, NO2 is deactivating to a reaction as it is more electronegative

A
36
Q

Name a few in vitro tests

A

High throughput screening - automated test of large number of compounds against a large number of targets, efficient for identification
Screening by NMR - detect whether a compound binds to a protein target
Isothermal titration calorimetry - determine the thermodynamic properties of binding between the drug and protein target

102 Chem (6 decks)

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