Dr Ferla’s Lectures Flashcards
Name the three types of C hybridisation
SP3, SP2, SP
What is a substituent
Anything that isn’t on the main chain
How do you count carbons in relation to substituents ?
Assign the lowest number to the substituent.
Four carbon molecule could have a methyl group on C2. Could be read as it being on C3 but you cont from the lowest one
What are the names for carbon lengths up to 7
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Benzene naming systems can be known as orthodox, meta and para. What do each mean?
Ortho - 1,2
Meta - 1,3
Para - 1,4
What is the scientific name for 1-methylbenzene and Benzene-1-ol?
Toluene and phenol
Pharmacists are a pillar of information for patients about any healthcare worry
Structural isomers are…
Same formula, atoms bonded in different orders, different properties
Stereoisomers are…
Same molecular formula, atoms bonded in same order but different 3D arrangement
What are the two types of optical isomers
S/R
D/L
What are the two types of geometrical isomers
Cis/trans
E/Z
Any carbon carbon single bond you can have conformational atoms. Basically carbons can rotate and change shape but it doesn’t effect activity
What is an enantiomer?
They rotate the plan of polarised light
What happens when you polarise light?
You filter light so it only flows in one direction
Racemic mixture is…
Where two enantiomers are in equal volume so polarising activity stops.
What is the equation to find out how many enantiomers are per chiral centre?
2^n
n = number of chiral centres
In an optical isomerism, if the groups of priority increase clockwise then it is…
An R configuration
What is a staggered projection of Ethane?
Each hydrogen is at it’s point of least repulsion and energy
What is Newmans projection?
‘Standing’ view of a chemical
What is eclipsing of Ethane?
When the hydrogens bound to C1 cover the hydrogens bound to C2 during a Newman projection image
What does the term gauche explains about newmans projection?
The molecule is still staggered, but the molecules that are bigger than H are still next to each other
Which confirmation has the lowest energy? Chair, half twist or boat.
Chair
In cyclohexane, the H going up and down is known as Axial and the H going horizontally is equatorial
Draw out the chair molecule for cyclohexane
Why do bigger substituent prefer to stay equatorial?
Least amount of repulsion
What is a nucleophile ?
Electron donators, attracted to positive ions
What is electrophile?
Are positively charged and wish to gain an electron
What is nucleophilic substitution
A nucleophile is swapped with a nucleophile (leaving group)
What is an elimination reaction?
When a halide is removed and a sp2 hybridised carbon forms.
Nucleophile always attack electrophiles, so the electron always moves from negative to positive
Huckel’s Rule uses what equation to find out if something is aromatic or not
(4N+2)
Benzene = 6
N = 1
so 4+2=6
Non aromatic compounds contain an sp3
Anti aromatic if the equation (4N+2) doesn’t work
Reaction with extra electrons to donate in the form of lone pairs provide more stabilisation to the aromatic ring
A CH3 group is reaction activating, NO2 is deactivating to a reaction as it is more electronegative
Name a few in vitro tests
High throughput screening - automated test of large number of compounds against a large number of targets, efficient for identification
Screening by NMR - detect whether a compound binds to a protein target
Isothermal titration calorimetry - determine the thermodynamic properties of binding between the drug and protein target
