Down Syndrome

Question 1

What is down syndrome also known as?

Answer 1

Trisomy 21

Question 2

What is down syndrome?

Answer 2

A chromosomal disorder resulting in 47 chromosomes instead of 46

Question 3

What can increase the risk of having a child with down syndrome?

Answer 3

Increase in maternal age

Question 4

What pair of chromosomes is affected?

Answer 4

21st pair

Question 5

Neurological Findings

Answer 5

Brain weight
Head shape
Structural abnormalities
Myelination
Overall, a developmental delay

Question 6

Neurological findings
- Describe the weight of the brain?

Answer 6

76% of the normal brain weight with less weight of the cerebellum and brain stem

Question 7

Neurological findings
- Head shape

Answer 7

Microcephaly/Bradchycephaly

Question 8

Neurological findings
- Altered synaptic morphology leading to?

Answer 8

Decreased synaptogenesis

Question 9

Neurological Findings
- Structural abnormalities in dendritic spines in pyramidal tracts of motor cortex leading to

Answer 9

Motor incoordination

Question 10

Neurological Finding
- delayed completion of myelination occurs when?

Answer 10

2 months - 6 years of age

Question 11

Sensory conditions

Answer 11

Visual and hearing deficits

Question 12

Cardiopulm conditions

Answer 12

Atrial septal defect and ventral septal defect
Risk for restrictive pulmonary disease and weak cough d/t generalized trunk and extremity weakness
Decreased lung volumes
Reduced level of physical fitness

Question 13

Cardiopulm conditions
- decreased lung volumes

Answer 13

Vital capacity
Total lung capacity

Question 14

MSK findings

Answer 14

Hypotonia and ligament laxity
Reduced isometric strength

Question 15

MSK Findings
- hypotonia and ligament laxity

Answer 15

Pes planus
Patellar instability
Scoliosis
Atlanto-axial dislocation
Hip dislocation

Question 16

Difficulties with motor learning

Answer 16

Difficulty generalizing skills
Need frequent practice sessions to maintain learned skills
Increased reaction time
A limited repertoire of responses
Responds well to practice with frequent repetitions

Question 17

PT Evaluation

Answer 17

Subjective
Objective
Gross and fine motor fxn
Posture and balance
MSK assessment
Standardized outcome measure (fxn assessment)

Question 18

PT Evaluation
- Subjective

Answer 18

Pregnancy and birth history
Medical/surgical management
Developmental history

Question 19

PT Evaluation
- objective

Answer 19

Comprehensive developmental testing
AIMS
PDMS- II
Movement ABC
Bayley scales of Infant Development- III (1-42 months)

Question 20

PT Evaluation
- posture and balance

Answer 20

Automatic reactions
Postural responses

Question 21

PT Evaluation
- MSK assessment

Answer 21

Fxn strength testing
ROM and joint laxity

Question 22

PT Evaluation
- Standardized outcome measure (fxn assessment)

Answer 22

GMFM-88

Question 23

PT Evaluation
- Gross motor fxn measures (GMFM)

Answer 23

5 domains

Question 24

PT Evaluation
- Gross motor fxn measure–> 5 domains

Answer 24

Lying and rolling
Sitting
Crawling and kneeling
Standing
Walking, running and jumping

Question 25

Gross motor Fxn Measure 0

Answer 25

Does not initiate

Question 26

Gross motor fxn measure 1

Answer 26

Inititates

Question 27

Gross motor fxn measure (GMFM) 2

Answer 27

Partially completes

Question 28

Gross motor fxn measure (GMFM) 3

Answer 28

Completes

Question 29

Gross motor function measure (GMFM) 9 (or leave blank)

Answer 29

Not tested (NT)

Question 30

Principles of PT Management

Answer 30

Teaching caregivers appropriate positioning and handling activities to promote antigravity control and WB Design activities to encourage the development of antigravity of muscle strength in all positions Emphasizing trunk extension and extremity loading tends to increase axial muscle tone

Question 31

Principles of PT Management Pt 2

Answer 31

Encouraging emergence of righting and postural reactions through use of rotation within and during movm't Encouraging dynamic rather than static exploration of movm't Facilitating emergence of developmental milestones when chronologically appropriate, including supported sitting and standing when trunk control and alignment can be established

Question 32

Principles of PT Management Pt 3

Answer 32

Anticipating the delay in postural control responses and providing functional opportunities to enhance development in areas of cognition, language, and socialization Teaching parents and other members activities and position choices that will enhance the child's overall development

Question 33

Principles of PT Management - Use of aligned compression or WB forces stimulate?

Answer 33

Longitudinal bone growth as well as thickness and density of the bone and shaft

Question 34

Principle of PT Management - Aligned, supported WB promotes?

Answer 34

Joint stability and formation

Question 35

Principles of PT Management - Facilitation of...

Answer 35

Muscular co-contraction Force production Increased muscle tone