Dosage Forms 2 - Exam 2 Flashcards
Types of medication errors in parenteral dosage form preparations
- incorrect ingredients
- incorrect strengths of ingredients
- contamination of pathogens
- contamination of pyrogens
Most common error in making parenteral
wrong dose - from doc or pharmacist put in wrong amount
USP Chapters: if ____ 1000 - it is enforceable
under
USP Chapters: if it is ____ 1000 - it is a recommendation
over
USP 797 is talks about what standards?
pharmaceutical compounding - sterile preparations
parenteral products involve all types of what products?
injectable
what are REQUIREMENTS for parenteral products
sterile; pyrogen free; particle free
Administration of parenteral products bypass what?
the body’s natural defense barriers
what are REQUIREMENTS for all dosage forms
have the right potency; is properly labeled
From USP 797 - specifically avoid
1 - ________ contamination
2- Excessive __________
3- Variability in the intended strength of correct ingredients
4- Unintended chemical and physical __________
5- Ingredients of inappropriate ______
microbial; bacterial endotoxins; contaminants; quality
ways to achieve sterilization
steam; filtration; dry heat; gas; irradiation
what are pyrogens
bacterial endotoxins - cause fever
Does sterilization eliminate pyrogens
no
where do pyrogens come from
they are remnants of microorganism
Septicemia vs Septic Shock
septicemia - infection of the blood
septic shock - acute reaction to bacterial endotoxins
why do you want sterile preparations to be particle free/ what can particles cause
- Foreign particles can trigger immune response
- Can produce damage to the lungs
- Can produce damage to the kidneys
- Can and have killed people
Types of Parenteral Products
- _________ or _______ ready for injection
- Dry, soluble preparations ready to be combined with a ______ or ______before use
- ________
- Liquid concentrates ready for _____ prior to administration
solutions; suspensions; solvent ; vehicle; emulsions; dilution
Large Volume Parenteral (LVP) vs Small Volume Parenteral
large - single dose injection packaged in a container containing over 100 mL
small - less than 100 mL
what is the preferred vehicle
water
which vehicle is the most common
water
what are vehicles
Solvents or mediums for the administration of therapeutic agents
what type of water should be used for parenteral products
SWFI - sterile water for injection
Bacteriostatic water for injection vs Sterile water for injection
bacteriotstatic has an added antibacterial
what kind of water should NEVER be directly injected into blood stream and why
PLAIN water (like SWFI) because it is hypotonic af/will cause hemolysis
Parenteral Products vs IntraSpinal Injections - what they have in common and what they dont:
in common: Is sterile; free of particle; free of pyrogens
different because intraspinal is isotonic, has physiological pH; no preservatives
(parenteral products - may be isotonic and may be of physiological pH)
Common aqueous isotonic vehicles
D5W; NS; Bacteriostatic NaCl injection; Ringer’s solution
Components of parenteral products vehicles
-water miscible solvents/cosolvents examples
alcohol; PEG; PG
Components of parenteral products vehicles
-water miscible solvents/cosolvents
is used for? and
is often used to do what?
for intramuscular injection
used to solubilize drugs
why are different cosolvents used at different concentrations?
because of their hemolytic potential
Rules about injecting oil into blood
Oil emulsion is OK!
straight oil/ oil vehicle is a hell no
Types of pH buffers
citrates; acetates; phosphates;
When using pH buffers - use a ____ concentration
low
Phosphate and ________ can be a awful combination - because precipitation
calcium
If the parenteral product is not close to physiological pH - then how should you give the product?
small volume/ slowly/ into central vein
which container should be used/which type is best
Glass - Type I
how many different types of glass?
types 1, 2, 3
what is gauge of needle?
refers to diameter of the bore -
if the gauge is a larger number = ______ bore size
smaller
