Dosage Forms 2 - Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of medication errors in parenteral dosage form preparations

A
  • incorrect ingredients
  • incorrect strengths of ingredients
  • contamination of pathogens
  • contamination of pyrogens
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2
Q

Most common error in making parenteral

A

wrong dose - from doc or pharmacist put in wrong amount

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3
Q

USP Chapters: if ____ 1000 - it is enforceable

A

under

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4
Q

USP Chapters: if it is ____ 1000 - it is a recommendation

A

over

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5
Q

USP 797 is talks about what standards?

A

pharmaceutical compounding - sterile preparations

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6
Q

parenteral products involve all types of what products?

A

injectable

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7
Q

what are REQUIREMENTS for parenteral products

A

sterile; pyrogen free; particle free

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8
Q

Administration of parenteral products bypass what?

A

the body’s natural defense barriers

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9
Q

what are REQUIREMENTS for all dosage forms

A

have the right potency; is properly labeled

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10
Q

From USP 797 - specifically avoid
1 - ________ contamination
2- Excessive __________
3- Variability in the intended strength of correct ingredients
4- Unintended chemical and physical __________
5- Ingredients of inappropriate ______

A

microbial; bacterial endotoxins; contaminants; quality

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11
Q

ways to achieve sterilization

A

steam; filtration; dry heat; gas; irradiation

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12
Q

what are pyrogens

A

bacterial endotoxins - cause fever

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13
Q

Does sterilization eliminate pyrogens

A

no

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14
Q

where do pyrogens come from

A

they are remnants of microorganism

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15
Q

Septicemia vs Septic Shock

A

septicemia - infection of the blood

septic shock - acute reaction to bacterial endotoxins

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16
Q

why do you want sterile preparations to be particle free/ what can particles cause

A
  • Foreign particles can trigger immune response
  • Can produce damage to the lungs
  • Can produce damage to the kidneys
  • Can and have killed people
17
Q

Types of Parenteral Products

  • _________ or _______ ready for injection
  • Dry, soluble preparations ready to be combined with a ______ or ______before use
  • ________
  • Liquid concentrates ready for _____ prior to administration
A

solutions; suspensions; solvent ; vehicle; emulsions; dilution

18
Q

Large Volume Parenteral (LVP) vs Small Volume Parenteral

A

large - single dose injection packaged in a container containing over 100 mL
small - less than 100 mL

19
Q

what is the preferred vehicle

20
Q

which vehicle is the most common

21
Q

what are vehicles

A

Solvents or mediums for the administration of therapeutic agents

22
Q

what type of water should be used for parenteral products

A

SWFI - sterile water for injection

23
Q

Bacteriostatic water for injection vs Sterile water for injection

A

bacteriotstatic has an added antibacterial

24
Q

what kind of water should NEVER be directly injected into blood stream and why

A

PLAIN water (like SWFI) because it is hypotonic af/will cause hemolysis

25
Parenteral Products vs IntraSpinal Injections - what they have in common and what they dont:
in common: Is sterile; free of particle; free of pyrogens different because intraspinal is isotonic, has physiological pH; no preservatives (parenteral products - may be isotonic and may be of physiological pH)
26
Common aqueous isotonic vehicles
D5W; NS; Bacteriostatic NaCl injection; Ringer's solution
27
Components of parenteral products vehicles | -water miscible solvents/cosolvents examples
alcohol; PEG; PG
28
Components of parenteral products vehicles -water miscible solvents/cosolvents is used for? and is often used to do what?
for intramuscular injection | used to solubilize drugs
29
why are different cosolvents used at different concentrations?
because of their hemolytic potential
30
Rules about injecting oil into blood
Oil emulsion is OK! | straight oil/ oil vehicle is a hell no
31
Types of pH buffers
citrates; acetates; phosphates;
32
When using pH buffers - use a ____ concentration
low
33
Phosphate and ________ can be a awful combination - because precipitation
calcium
34
If the parenteral product is not close to physiological pH - then how should you give the product?
small volume/ slowly/ into central vein
35
which container should be used/which type is best
Glass - Type I
36
how many different types of glass?
types 1, 2, 3
37
what is gauge of needle?
refers to diameter of the bore -
38
if the gauge is a larger number = ______ bore size
smaller