domestication Flashcards

Question

1º sexual characteristics

Answer 1

reproductive organs * cats reprod organs are mostly internal

Answer 2

traits related to sexual dimorphism: diff in size/appearance between sexes * ex: color of M ducks vs F * ex: size of M elephant seals vs F

Answer 3

**monogamy**: 1M, 1F * **social monogamy**: 1M 1F that associate as pair but can reprod with others➞ share food/territory/resources, etc * ex: tree swallows * ex: california mouse * **sexual monogamy:** sexual B restricted exclusively to pair ➞ associate together & only mate w/ each other * ex: penguins **polygamy**: >1 reprod partner * **polyandry**: 1F multiple M * rare * **F are dom:** ex: honebees * **F guard resources** ➞ ex: jacanas * **sexual dimorphism**: ➞ex rhinebeck spiders * **polygyny**: 1M multiple F * very common * mammals, birds, reptiles * **promiscuity**: both polyandry & polygamy * highly social animals * best for domestication * ex: wolves = monogamous, dogs = promiscuous * ex: wild geese = seasonally monogamous, dom geese = promiscuous

Answer 4

1. allows for **pred avoidance**: ex: Rhinoceros hornbill live inside large tree cavity, F & hatchlings stay camouflaged inside while M collects food 2. **protection**: males guard females after mating ➞ ex: prairie voles * F can only produce 1 offspring per cycle ➞ no increased benefit to mating with multiple M * when M unleashed, F mated with partner but when M were leashed, 55% F mated with non-partner 3. **reproductive success for males**: * paired M mate more often & fathered more embryos than single M * ex: prarie voles 4. **selective advantage**: ex: M emperor penguins incubate eggs while F go forage ➞ M = larger ➞ keep egg warmer & better protection for egg from harsh extraordinarily extreme envir & other M

Answer 5

1. **direct benefits**: essential resources = food/water, shelter, nest/denning sites, protection from pred or other M, offspring care (main reason) 2. **good genes**: M pass down fitness advantage to offspring: healthier, stronger, better survival skills * ex: European tree frog: M w/ healthy strong offspring reproduce more * ex: roosters' combs signify reproductive quality: F did not want to mate with M b/c of shape of his comb ➞ signified lower sperm motility = lower reprod output/success * strong evolutionary component that F can sense somehow 3. **sensory bias exploration**: 2º sexual trait of M matches pre-existing F preference * ex: cichlid fish F have affinity for how eggs look ➞ M developed spots on fin that look like eggs * ex: F prefer larger fluffs in M auklet birds * ex: F prefer lower frequency voices in M tungara frogs * ex: F have affinity for UV light ➞ prefer large claws that reflect UV light in M Fiddler crabs * ex: F prefer shinier bodies of guppies 4. **runaway selection**: F choose M based on exaggerated traits that have not been linked to increased survivability * could potentially put M at greater risk of death in many cases & does not improve fitness * *** sexy son hypothesis**: females choose mates with "most sexy" trait that offspring can inherit * ex: peacocks' plumes getting larger & more decorative ➞ heavier to carry & slows them down ➞ will eventually be unable to reproduce b/c of sheer mass * ex: M long-tailed widowbirds have higher reprod success with longer tails potentially detrimental to survival ➞ slower, heavier tail, more for predators to catch onto

Answer 6

1. female mate choice 2. male-male competition

Answer 7

M compete for access to F * general rule: bigger/faster = more reprod success * exception: **sneaker males**: small M squid struggle to compete w/ large M, but can pretend to be F b/c of size & can pull tentacles in like F do when they're interested in M then slide ride past M

Answer 8

1. producers like to know **genetic lines** 2. **need many offspring to support demand** ➞ monogamy would require too many animals to maintain 3.** 1 M can father many F** ➞ **less animas to maintain** 4. bulls are very **aggressive** ➞ fewer on farm is safer

Answer 9

**puberty**: age at which reprod organs become fx * ex: dogs ≈ 7-10mo **estrous cycle **(F): repetitive cycle occurring when no pregnancy of rising hormones & follicle development * estrus = "heat"; fertility window * species-specific & dependent on gestation length * varies across species in age & duration * ex: tight window of duration for cows

Answer 10

1. **advertisement of receptibility** * swollen vulva * mucous discharge * restless B * **female receptivity**: F perform mimic mating B even when no males present (some never been around males) * mounting: F cows will mount each other * lordosis: raised rear end (displaying rear prominently) * ex: cats * ex: in swine ➞ boars softly grunt, chews & spits saliva containing androstenone, sows who are in heat will stand so that they can be mounted by the boar * B reflects internal hormone status * producers use standing B to test for estrus: push down on F back * flehmen response: horses/cats/dogs have olfactory bulbs & vomeronasal organs that can detect pheromones in F that are in estrus 2. courtship behavior * for M: strut, physical contact, vocalization ➞ ex: horses & turkeys * for F: investigate, lordosis 3. mating behavior 4. libido: external stimuli

Answer 11

* multi-sire: group of M placed with group of F * ink pack marks which ewes have copulated & which were not interested ➞ tells producers which ewes need to be checked/tested & timeline ➞ tracking * ex: rangeland sheep * single-sire: one M placed with group of F * common for aggressive male * ex: bulls & beef cattle * ex: chx * very efficient ➞ less animals to manage & know genetics (M fathered all) * hand-controlled: 1 M given access to 1 F * no Q about genetics of an * ex: stallion & mare * artificial insemination: multi or single-sire semen * not always safe to keep boar/bull around * most efficient * ex: sows & dairy cattle

Answer 12

* libido: * F isn't being very receptive, isn't giving info to M * M isn't noticing * hormonal issue: testosterone levels off in M, F didn’t go into heat * performance: * indiv not engaging in appropriate species B * F not impressed * copulation itself * ex: turtle tried to mount F but completely wrong way/area ➞ don’t do it right or don’t know how to do it * ex: broiler chx too big ➞ cannot physically mount

Answer 13

1.** relaxed selection** : selection for physical traits not libido ➞ ex: stallions selected for racing/muscles/appearance have poor libido (directional) 2. **unintentional selection**: humans may avoid handling M who are more aggressive like preferentially breed docile M ➞ aggression level positively correlated w/ reprod success ➞ breeding animals w/ low reprod success (no direction) 3. **artificial selection:** traits interfere w/ sexual performance * ex: english bulldogs ➞ can't birth babes large heads * ex: american bullies cant mount F b/c of musculature * ex: chx cant mount F b/c of large breast size & body weight 4. **inappropriate rearing conditions**: in prod systems early weaning results in young animals kept in same-age & sex groups ➞ influence on B depends on species-specific natural social structure * ex: boar reared alone = detrimental, reared in M groups = normal * ex: ram reared alone = normal, reared in M groups = detrimental ➞ prefer other M over ewes & have fewer ejaculations in general * ex: bull reared alone = normal, reared in M groups = normal

Answer 14

1. artificial selection: sexual performance is often heritable * ex: sex performance in bulls is very heritable * ex: performance in rams is not very heritable 2. manipulate rearing envir: duration & timing of isolation *ex: M guinea pigs 3. restore libido * **Coolidge effect**: novel copulation changing how many F producers offer males ➞ M that reprod with diff F have shorter ejaculation time than same F * **spectator effect:** observe copulation ➞ works for bulls does not wok for ram

Answer 15

* **parent-offspring conflict**: mother wants to maximize lifetime reprod success, must survive & invest in future offspring, offspring wants to survive easily depend on mom as long as possible * **balance of parental care costs**: * initially: weight of survival is so heavy for current offspring ➞ invest all resources * at some species-dependent point, investing resources in current kid (when it doesn’t need them) puts mother's survival at risk & threatens her future kids

Answer 16

development fetus from conception

Answer 17

birth * cattle = calving * swine = farrowing * sheep = lambing * horses = foaling * goats = kidding * dogs = whelping * cats = queening

Answer 18

having borne offspring * how many litters produced as way to gauge age * **nulliparous**: never had offspring * **primiparous**: 1st time having offspring * **multiparous**: having born multiple litters/offspring

Answer 19

**monotocous**: one young **polytocous**: many young

Answer 20

altricial: requires much maternal care/investment * "requires nourishment" ➞ squishy, blind, nude * deficient in motor control & temp regulation * large energy investment * polytocous small mammals * ex: rats, cats, dogs * tree-nesting birds * hawk, owl, woodpecker * need central resource point * evolutionary ➞ fewer predators precocial: much more developed * "mature before its time" * more motor & sensory development * young can feed themselves almost immediately * monotocous ungulates * caves, lamb, kids * ground-nesting birds * penguins, domestic poultry, ducks * less energy investment * shorter gestation

Answer 21

1. **nesting** * isolation preference test: cows prefer isolation during day but no difference at night * visual isolation from predators ➞ evolutionary component * night darkness gives protection 2. **responsiveness** * **sensitive period**: discrete length of time when B is acquired = start of bonding formation * ex: learning song style for songbirds * **lamb-stealing** for commercial shepherds ➞ abandoned animals must be bottle-fed * responsiveness to amniotic fluid/placenta: immediately following parturition dams are highly attracted to amniotic fluid/placenta stimulates grooming on neonates ➞ repulsive after sensitive period * ex: multiparous cows are quicker to lick newborns than primiparous or nulliparous 3. **discrimination**: investing all her energy in her young only ➞ bonding * sight & sound: **imprinting**: newly hatched hatched birds learn to distinguish shape/sound of mother & follow them * only during sensitive period * offspring discrimination towards older indiv ➞ provides protection that helps young survive (NS) * imprinting on each other selected against ➞ no protection * common w/ altricial species * sight & sound: broiler chicks in hatchery are raised in social groups (same age), no hens * chx = precocial ➞ altricial birds cannot be domesticated ➞ requires too much human care ➞ takes too long & too $$ * smell in goats: normal nannies would not accept diff looking kid while anosmic nannies would ➞ sight = most important scent

Answer 22

internal rhythm re-sets to match external stimuli

Answer 23

continuous breeders * seasonal polyestrous: multiple cycles within a season * timed for external cues to change internal hormones for best fitness: best resources for survival * far N has much bigger diff in day length/season/temp than S * producers must know cycle/effects of location * sheep: * anovulatory in summer (too long days = too hot) * breeding during fall (↓ day length) * pregnant during winter (cold temp not fit for lamb survival) * lambing during spring (↑ day length, best resources for lambs)

Answer 24

continuous breeders * seasonal polyestrous: multiple cycles within a season * timed for external cues to change internal hormones for best fitness: best resources for survival * short day: south = march-may, north = april-november * ewe * nanny * doe (shorter days in fall) * long-day: south = april-november, north = march-may * horses * quail * sheep: *

Answer 25

**diurnal**: active in day, inactive at night * humans, goats, cows, sheep, poultry * social * herbivores **nocturnal**: active in night, inactive in day * owls, bats, large cats, racoons, mice * prey avoiding predators ➞ hazy = harder to see * predators adapted to prey ➞ adapted auditory senses **crepuscular**: active at dawn/dusk, inactive during day/night * swine, wolves, domesticated dogs/cats, deer, rabbits * swine have no sweat glands ➞ way to regulate temp * domestic pigs fed 1x (morning) on human work schedule & spend a lot more time resting than in wild ➞ can interfere with evolution * supposed to sleep a lot * most active at night ➞ wild prey most active at night (mice)