Domestic violence Flashcards
Child maltreatment definition
Neglect that occurs to a child under 18 which include physical sexual emotional or potential abuse that harms the childs health, development or survival in context of a relationship
Child maltreatment numbers
High numbers –> 3/4 experience physical or emotional abuse; 1/5 women experienced sexual abuse
Consequences of child abuse
Short term: wetting the bed, problems to concentrate, problems making social contact –> can all be normal for development but still keep an eye out
Long term: 4 ACEs or more = higher risk (4 - 12x) of alcoholism, suicide, depression, etc.
–> child victim can become perpetrator (they see and learn it early on)
Neuropsychological: brain shrinks (more space skull and brain), chronic stress can lead to loss of brain cells, less brain cell connections
Risk factors of child abuse
1.Caregiver and child relationship: feelings of caregiver towards child can be negative, use physical discipline
2.Child and caregiver relationship: child feels unwanted
3.Past of caregiver: been victim or perpetrator already in the past; used violence in past relationships
4.Past child: already been victim of child abuse
5.Caregiver: poor anger manangement, problems with alcohol, etc.
6.Family: Young caregiver, low education, family violence, …
Positive factors for child abuse
1: Caregiver: willing to change, genuinly concerned for the child
2: Family: good network, financial and material stability
3: Child: good network he can rely on
Intervening for child abuse
When you start to feel doubt and worry –> report
There can be a change where you raise false alarm but it is a risk you have to take (better safe than sorry)
When you report when it is needed or dont report when it is not needed = hit
When you dont report and it is needed = miss –> we want to avoid this
Professionals: first do risk assesment –> results will determine if you have to intervene
Trust center: you can call or text
Intimate partner violence definition
An intimate relationship where there is psychological, physical and sexual abuse that harms the people in the relationship
History of IPV
Patriarchy: men dominated society –> everything stayed behind closed doors
–> Feminism: more focus on women –> criticism: always opinion of women, no room for bidirectional violence, no explanation same sex violence, women are more likely to use violence in relationships –> no explanation for this
Numbers IPV
Very difficult and challenging to get accurate numbers
–> Large dark number: not everyone reports or presses charges (police numbers) and self-reports most likely people cover up or answer socially desirable
–>Belgium: 14,9 % females; 10,5 % males
–> Gendersymmetry to an extent (contradiction to a lot of research) –> as many males experience IPV as females
Consequences IPV
Harsher consequences for females –> men tend to use more physical violence and hit harder –> more (deadly) injuries for women
Johnson
Explanation for gendersymmetry:
1: Most studies focus on women as the victim (one sided)
2: Different types of domestic violence
–> Intimate terrorism: focused on controlling the other by violence, intimidation, …; more men towards women
–> Situational couple violence: bidirectional, more like a fight, both use violence against the other, more common, there is NO control or trying to control the other
Holtzworth-Monroe and Stuart
Different types of abusers:
Based on generalizability of violence, severity and frequency of violence, psychopathy of perpetrator
1: Family only batterer: poor anger manangement and anger issues, only towards family not in other situations, no psychopathy or drinking problems
2: Dysphoric borderline batterer: borderline traits, emotionally instable, fear of abandonment, very jealous –> most likely the reason for use of violence
3: Generally antisocial/violent batterer: psychopathic and antisocial traits, violent in multiple situations, impulsive and explosive
Risk assesment IPV
Use every info you can!
Tool: ODARA –> good for assesing risk of recidivism
Critical situations that can lead to recidivism:
–> perpetrator set free
–> breaking up (can lead to stalking)
–> starting new relationship
–> conflict over custody of children
IPV in Belgium procedure + interventions
Procedure:
police intervenes and analyses the situation (fearful victim, weapons present, substance abuse, …) –> report to prosecutor
IPV can be reported by police if they notice something is wrong or there looks to be a cover up –> prosecutor decides
Interventions
Time-out = temporary restraining order
CCV: couple therapy, working with system, treating related disorders, …
IT: difficult, individual therapy then couple therapy (if possible)
Role of government with IPV
UK’s Clara Law states that every person has right to know about former IPV situations (police will come tell new partner) and everyone has the right to ask
–> controversial: privacy?
