Domain 1 - Vitamins and Minerals

Question 1

Vitamin A

Answer 1

Carotene– precursor, provitamin
Toxic Level: 10,000 U
Sources: yellow/orange fruits, green leafy veggies (cantaloupe, fish liver, carrots, fortified skim milk, apricots, sweet potato)

Question 2

Vitamin A Deficiency

Answer 2

1. Nyctalopia (night blindness)- reversible; detected using dark adaptation test
2. Xeropthalmia- corneal damage, NOT reversible
3. Hyperkeratosis- dry scaly skin

Question 3

Vitamin D

Answer 3

Cholesterol is precursor, UV light
7-Dehydrocholesterol–> D3 cholecalciferol–> D2 ergocalciferol
Sources: Sunlight, egg yolk, fortified milk

Question 4

Vitamin D Deficiency

Answer 4

Rickets (soft bones)

Osteomalacia (adult rickets)

Question 5

Vitamin E

Answer 5

Known as tocopherol, functions as antioxidant
*One of the least toxic vits
UL 1000mgs
Sources: veg oils, whole grains, green veggies, almonds

Question 6

Vitamin E Deficiency

Answer 6

Hemolytic anemia

Question 7

Vitamin K

Answer 7

Synthesized by bacteria in lower GI tract
No toxicity symptoms
Aids in blood clotting (forms prothrombin in liver)
Given pre-surgery
Ca metabolism

Question 8

Vitamin K Sources & Deficiency

Answer 8

Sources: spinach, kale, broccoli, green leafy veg
Def: Hemorrhage (slow clotting)
*affected by mineral oil, antibiotics, anticoagulants
Blood thinners- consistent vit K intake

Question 9

Vitamin B1

Properties

Answer 9

Thiamin 
water soluble 
*Lost in cooking as temp or pH rises
*Heat stable in acid 
*better maintained in meat when cooked/roasted at low end temp

Question 10

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) 
Function & Sources

Answer 10

• Oxidation of CHO (inc. CHO, inc. need for B1)
• Metabolism of pyruvate
• Grains, wheat germ, *pork, liver

Question 11

Thiamin (B1) Deficiency

Answer 11

Beriberi, muscle weakness, foot drop, memory loss, tachycardia
- Elevated plasma pyruvate level indicates Thiamin def.

Question 12

Vitamin B2

Answer 12

Riboflavin
Lost in UV light (milk sold in opaque container)
Energy release from PROTEIN
RBC production
*Liver, kidney, meat, milk (animal protein)

Question 13

Riboflavin (B2) Deficiency

Answer 13

Growth failure
*Cheilosis- cracked lips
*Angular stomatitis- mouth corner cracks
Magenta tongue

Question 14

Niacin

Answer 14

Precursor: TYPTOPHAN
Metabolism of CHO, PRO & FAT
*protein, peanuts, cereal, chicken, rice, yeast, milk

Question 15

Niacin Deficiency

Answer 15

Pellegra
*Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (3 Ds)
Bright, red tongue
Symmetrical, pigmented rash in sunlight

Question 16

Folate

Answer 16

*Coenzyme for DNA synthesis
Forms RBC in bone marrow
Prevents neural tube defects
*fortified cereal, liver, kidney, leafy greens, citrus fruits, lentils, beans

Question 17

Folate Deficiency

Answer 17

Megaloblastic, Macrocytic anemia

Diarrhea, fatigue

Question 18

Vitamin B6

Answer 18

Pyridoxine
Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism (deamination/transamination- digestion & absorption)
Increase PRO= Increased pyridoxine
*meat, wheat, corn, yeast, pork, liver, cereals

Question 19

Pyridoxine (B6) Deficiency

Answer 19

Seizures, anemia, dermatitis, glossitis, peripheral neuropathy

Question 20

Vitamin B12

Answer 20

Cyanocobalamin (contains cobalt)
Bound by intrinsic factor in gastric juice
Coenzyme in PRO synthesis, Forms RBC
*animal proteins (liver, meat, milk, eggs, fish, cheese)

Question 21

Cyanocobalamin (B12) Deficiency

Answer 21

Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia
Pernicious anemia- after gastrectomy or removal of ileum–Due to lack of IF
*Deficiency rare

Question 22

Pantothenic acid

Answer 22

Functions as Coenzyme A- in energy release
Synthesis of fatty acid (by intestinal bacteria) 
Rare deficiency (paresthesia in feet)

Question 23

Vitamin C- Ascorbic acid

Answer 23

Most easily destroyed vit, structure like glucose
Antioxidant
Needs acid pH
Destroyed by heat, alkaline pH, oxidation

Question 24

Vitamin C- Ascorbic acid

Functions/Sources

Answer 24

Changes proline into hydroxyproline into collagen, which strengthens intercellular substances

• wound healing
• aids iron absorption
• citrus fruits, potatoes, papaya, dark greens, yellow veggies

Question 25

Vitamin C- Ascorbic acid | Deficiency

Answer 25

Scurvy poor wound healing bleeding gums petechiae

Question 26

Biotin

Answer 26

Synthesized by intestinal bacteria, inactivated by avidin (protein in raw egg white) *Coenzyme in FA synthesis, converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis *liver, kidney, egg yolk, yeast Deficiency: muscle pain, dermatitis, glossitis

Question 27

Calcium

Answer 27

Most abundant mineral in body Regulated by parathyroid hormone Calcitonin lowers serum Ca by inhibiting bone reabsorption

Question 28

Calcium | Functions/sources/deficiency

Answer 28

Blood clotting, cardiac fn, nerve transmission, smooth muscle contractility Dairy, leafy veggies, legumes Def- hypocalcemia leads to tetany (irregular muscles contractions)

Question 29

Phosphorus

Answer 29

``` Part of DNA molecule, RNA, ATP, *2nd most abundant mineral Phospolipids transport fat through lymph and blood *bone/teeth *best source: animal proteins Def rare ```

Question 30

Iron

Answer 30

``` Trace mineral Part of hemoglobin Food iron: ferric *MOST absorbable form: FERROUS Stored: ferritin (best assessment parameter for iron status) *Oxygen transport ```

Question 31

Iron Sources

Answer 31

Heme iron: animal foods, meat, fish poultry (MFP factor) Non-heme: cereals, vegetables, poorly absorbed; absorption aided by gastric juice, vit C. *Ca helps if oxalates are present (oxalates bind iron, Ca binds oxalates) Does NOT aid absorption: eggs, tea, milk, cheese

Question 32

Iron Deficiency

Answer 32

Pale tongue, fatigue, anemia, *spoon-shaped nails

Question 33

Magnesium

Answer 33

``` Part of chlorophyll 50% in bone, 50% in cells *PRO and FA synthesis Stabilizes structure of ATP High PRO, Ca, Vit D increases need *most foods, milk, bread Def rare- tremors ```

Question 34

Zinc

Answer 34

Trace mineral * excess leads to copper or iron deficiency * increased taste acuity * enhances insulin action * animal proteins

Question 35

Zinc deficiency

Answer 35

reduced immune fn alopecia poor wound healing hypogeusia

Question 36

Iodine

Answer 36

Trace mineral Part of thyroxine *seafoods, iodized salt Def- goiter

Question 37

Fluoride

Answer 37

Trace mineral teeth, bones Source: soil, water Def- dental caries

Question 38

Copper

Answer 38

Trace mineral Attacher to protein- ceruloplasmin Hemoglobin synthesis Aids in absorption Source: liver, kidney, shellfish Def- rare- microcytic anemia, neutropenia *Wilson's disease: low serum copper, genetic absence of liver enzyme

Question 39

Selenium

Answer 39

Antioxidant Cooperates with Vit E Tissue respiration *soil, grains, meat, fish, poultry, dairy Def- myalgia, cardiac myopathy

Question 40

Managanese

Answer 40

CNS whole grains, legumes, nuts Def unlikely

Question 41

Chromium

Answer 41

Absorption enhanced by Vit C, niacin Aids insulin action and required for glucose metabolism (Cr & Zn) *yeast, oysters, potatoes, liver Def- insulin resistance

Question 42

Cobalt

Answer 42

Exists with B12 Stored in liver Maturation of RBC Related to B12 def

Question 43

Sulfur

Answer 43

Occurs as 3 AAs Component of organic molecules *Animal protein sources ar best

Question 44

Choline

Answer 44

Component of lecithin Transports lipids as acetylcholine *Fat in eggs, milk, liver, soybeans