Domain 1 - Research/Management Concepts Flashcards
How many steps are there in research?
7
Step 1 in research process
(1) Identify a relevant and important topic; literature review
Step 2 in research process
(2) Develop a well-considered research question.
Step 3 in research process
(3) Research question leads to a hypothesis.
* hypothesis is a prediction of a relationship
* null hypothesis= no relationship
Step 4 in research process
(4) Prepare research protocol: methodology to solve the problem
Step 5 in research process
(5) Organize methods and materials
Step 6 in research process
(6) Collect and analyze data
Step 7 in research process
(7) Study results and make decisions
What are the parts of a research paper? (8)
- Abstract
- General introduction
- Review of existing literature
- Methodology
- Results
- Discussion (interpretation of results)
- Conclusion
- Implications (applied in practice)
What type of research describes a state of nature at a point in time and establishes associations among factors, but does NOT prove cause/effect.
Descriptive research
Qualitative research, case report, and surveys are what type of research?
Descriptive research
Research designed to describe and quantify characteristics of a defined population and defined time frame; pinpoints problems.
Surveys
Type of research that tests hypotheses concerning the effects of specific factors of interest and allows cause/effect relationship to be determined.
Analytical research
Experimental model, Quasi-experiemental design, cohort studies, case control studies and cross-sectional studies are what type of research?
Analytical research
The _______ model uses experimental and control groups. The control does not receive treatment or receives a placebo.
Experimental model
The Quasi-experimental design involves _____ _____, which is a series of measurements at periodic intervals before and after the program. It shows whether measurements before and after are a continuation of previous patterns or whether they indicate noteworthy change.
time series
This type of study follows a group through a time to see if they develop a specific disease. It’s sometimes called incidence studies tracking the frequency of new cases of a disease.
cohort studies
These studies focus on a specific disease. Those with the disease are compared to those without the disease, but have similar characteristics; studies how they differ.
case control studies
This study collects data ONE time. It is sometimes called prevalence study (ALL cases of a disease among a group in a specific time); gives a snap-shot look at one particular time period (present time, not past).
cross-sectional study
The ability to measure phenomenon it intends to measure.
relevance or validity
______ validity tests whether the difference between the two groups is real (has the experiment group really performed differently).
internal validity
______ validity tests whether or not a generalization can be made from the study to a large population.
external validity
ANOVA - describe
Analysis of variance; tool used to evaluate validity (need >2 samples).
*used when several products compete against one another.
Consistency or reproducibility of test results
reliability
Variables that fit into a category with no special order (gender, race, marital status)
nominal variables (non ordered)
Variables that are compared with each other and put in order, perhaps from best to worst, state of disease from 1-4)
rank ordered (ordered scale)
______ variables are outcomes.
______ variables are what you manipulate in your study.
Dependent; Independent
*effect of cholesterol levels (independent) have on heart attacks (dependent)
Simple average of data
mean
Value at the midpoint
median
*if there is an even amount of numbers, the median is the average of the 2 numbers closest in the center
Most frequent occurring value; prediction most likely to be right.
mode (no repeated #, no mode)
Difference between the lowest and highest values in the distribution.
range
Most significant measure of distribution; indicates degree of dispersion about the mean value of a distribution.
standard deviation
- has curve of normal distribution as it falls away from its peak on either side.
- distance between the mean and the point of inflection on either side is = to SD.
About 2/3 (68%) of all observations in a normal distribution lie within ___ SD of the mean.
1 SD
- 32% lie outside the range (16% below, 16% above the range)
- 95% lie within 2 SD either side of the mean
The closer the points to the line, the stronger the degree of ______ relationship. This is called ______ _______ ______.
linear relationship
linear correlation coefficient (r)
There is no linear relationship if r = ___.
0
Perfect positive correlation is ____.
Perfect negative correlation is ____.
+1, -1
The lower the p value, the (HIGHER/LOWER) the significance of your results.
higher
What does p < or = 0.05 indicate? <.0001?
< 0.05 = significant difference, results are reliable
<.0001 = very, very significant difference, reliable results
Management concepts are?
philosophies about how an organization views its customers and its delivery of products/services
Marketing Mix - what are the 4 P’s?
Product, place, price, promotion
Effectiveness refers too…
degree to which we achieve our objectives
Efficiency refers too..
minimization of resources we expend to achieve objectives
