Dog and cats. Congestive heart failure (B19), Hepatic disorders, skeletal disorders Flashcards
CHF. Pathophysiology
- water retention
- change in Na (osmotic pressure changes)
- drug treatment —> electrolyte losses
- Sympathetic NS will be activated —> increase of heart rate
- RAAS is activated
Dietary management of CHF
- obesity: risk factor but surprisingly among animals with with CHF the ones with high BCS have higher chance of survival (lost appetite)
- energy demand is increased (heart and resp rate are increased; catabolic processes)
- while CHF is asymptomatic, Na stays the same in the diet
- if symptoms are present —> Na is decreased
- K and Mg are usually increased (because of drugs)
- antioxidants
- increased number of meals with decreased size
Taurine and L-carnithine
- deficiency of taurine —> dilated cardiac myopathy
- taurine: osmoregualtion, inactivation of free radicals, antagonist of angiotensin 2
- excess of taurine: no effects
- L-carnithine: FAs transportation in mitochondria
- helps with energy production in the heart
Feline hepatic lipidosis
- if animal is obese and the transient anorexia will mobilise fat as energy source —> transportation to liver —> after a while liver is not able to cope with amount of lipid —> lipid accumulation in the liver
- deficiency of one or more essential AAs may limit the synthesis of lipoproteins (transportation)
Dietary management of hepatic lipidosis of cats
- prevention !
- tube feeding ! to stop fat mobilising
- 1/4 -1/2 of the ME, so it can be digested
- ## high protein, high fat products
Copper storage diseases
- copper can be accumulated in liver due to genetic abnormality or underlying liver disease
- copper is oxidative —> damage to liver cells —> may lead to hepatocellular necrosis
- copper intake should be decreased!
Hepatic encephalopathy
- hepatic insufficiency —>
- increased ammonia, increased bile acids, increased bilirubin, decreased albumin
- ammonia high —> crosses BBB —> oedema in the brain
- false neurotransmitters are produced
Dietary management of hepatic encephalopathy
Protein:
- very well digestible (not to reach large colon)
- protein on the lower level of reference range
- branched-AAs can be good
- egg and dairy proteins are the best in this case
Antioxidants:
- vitamin E, vitamin C
- SAMe, silymarin — hepatoprotectors
Influence of nutrition on skeletal muscle
- bone is the major resource of calcium and phosphorus
- P can be absorbed from both small and large intestine, Ca only from small
- Ca should be slightly higher than P in the ratio
- adult animals tolerate well imbalances of Ca and P
- but young ones!
- vit D: absorption and reabsorption of Ca (not in rabbits or horses)
Low dietary calcium:
- low blood Ca —> PTH is activated, vit D is activated —> increase of absorption —> no effect (no Ca in the diet) —> mobilisation from bones —> decreased mineralisation of bones
“All-meat syndrome”
- Ca intake is very low
- vit D intake is low
- P is high
- will end up in nutritional hyperparathyroidism —> mobilisation
Developmental orthopedic disease (DOD)
- group of musculoskeletal disorders that occur in growing animas: growth rate is too intense: poor quality of bones and cartilages
- large dogs with rapid significant growth (also in horses)
- growth rate should be slowed down (reduced caloric density of the diet)
- with slowed down rate, bones and cartilages can be formed correctly
- free choice feeding is not appropriate! NO surplus supplements !!
Adequate calcium and phosphorus but deficient vit D intake
- no vit D —> Ca can be lost
- abnormal osteocalst activity
I don’t understand…
Senior dogs and cats
Animals that are getting old:
- usually with age metabolic rate slows down
- activity also decreases
- tendency to obese
OLD animals:
- slow metabolic rate
- can’t chew, can’t produce enough enzyme, absorption surface is not good, digestion is overall bad —> can end in up in NEB
- prone to be sarcopenic
- generally low BCS
- after some point not much can’t be done
- aim: to provide better quality life to an animal
- old animals are DIFFERENT !
- no one correct diet for senior animals
What does senior mean?
- individual
- cat: 11-14 years: senior, >15 years: geriatric
- dogs: very breed-specific: usually last 25% of estimated life-span
- BCS, MCS (muscle condition score!)
Feeding of orphan puppies, kittens
- immature at birth comparing to other animals
- colostrum
- checking weight ! (daily up to 2 weeks), feed intake and stool consistency
- puppies: BWG ~5% of BW for 4 weeks
- kittens: ~100g/week for 6 months
- commercial milk replacers are recommended as thy are superior to cow’s mik
- orphans are more prone to GIT disorders (bloating, diarrhoea)
- if doesn’t tolerate —> decrease the amount of milk replacer and then gradually increase
- if puppy/kitten is already too sick and weak —> tube feeding
- feeding around every 2 hours at first
- weaning around 4 weeks (not optimal)
