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PRIYA NEURO > DO EVERYDAY ANATOMY > Flashcards

DO EVERYDAY ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 origins of the brain?

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

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2
Q

what does the prosencephalon turn into?

A

telecephalon

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3
Q

what does the telencephalon turn into?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

what does the mesencephalon turn into?

A

mesencephalon –> midbrain

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5
Q

what does the rhombencephalon turn into

A

metencephalon and mylencephalon

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6
Q

what does the metencephalon turn into

A

pons, cerebellum

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7
Q

what does the myencephalon turn into

A

medulla oblongata

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8
Q

draw out the origins of the brain

A

P - TD
M - M
R - met + myl

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9
Q

what are ependymal cells?

A

ciliated cuboidal / columnar epithelial cells that line the ventricles

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10
Q

what is a node of ranvier?

A

speeds up propagation of action potentials along the axon

gaps between myelin insulation

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11
Q

what comprises the lentiform nucleus?

A

putamen and globus pallidum

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12
Q

where is the lentiform nucleus found?

A

basal ganglia

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13
Q

what does the insular lobe play a role in ?

A

pain

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14
Q

draw out the artieral supply of the brain

A 
- anterior cerebral arteries
internal carotid arteries
- middle cerebral arteries
- posterior cerebral arteries
- basilar arteries
- vertebral arteries 
- circle of willis
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15
Q

what is the sympathetic innervation of sympathetic chain?

A

T1-L2

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16
Q

how does sympathetic innervation reach the heart?

A

pre synaptic - synapse in T1 or cervical paravertebral ganglia
post synaptic - via cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves to SA and AV nodes and the myocardium

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17
Q

how does sympathetic innervation reach the lungs?

A

presynaptic - synapse in upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia
post-synaptic - pass in cardiopulmonary splanhnic nerves to the bronchiolar SM and mucous glands

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18
Q

how does sympathetic innervation reach the abdominopelvic organs?

A

presynatic axons synapse in one of the prevertebral ganglia

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19
Q

how does sympathetic innervation reach the adrenal medulla?

A

presynaptic axons pass through the aorticorenal ganglion to synapse directly onto the adreanline / noradreanline secreting cells of the adrenal medulla

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20
Q

which nerve do parasympathetic presynaptic axons leave the Cns?

A

3,7,9,10

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21
Q

which paths do sympathetic axons travel via?

A

ciliary ganglion
lacrimal + salivary glands
vagus nerve = organs of neck, chest, abdomen (hindgut)
sacralspinal nerves - hindgut, pelvis, + perineum

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22
Q

what are the spinal nerves of the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C4

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23
Q

what does the cervical plexus innervate?

A

posterior scalp, neck and diaphragm

24
Q

what are the spinal nerves of the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

25
Q

what are the spinal nerves of the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4

26
Q

what does the lumbar plexus innervate?

A

lower limb

27
Q

what are the spinal nerves of the sacral plexus?

A

L5-S4

28
Q

what does the sacral plexus innervate?

A

lower limbs, gluteal region, and perineum

29
Q

draw out spinal cord diagram

A 
- dorsal funiculus 
dorsal grey hoen 
coritocspinal tract
lateral gray horn 
verntral gray horn 
ventrl funiculus 
lateral funiculus
dorsolateral trct of lissauer
30
Q

what is the arterial supply of the spinal cord?

A

segmental arteires
radicular arteries
2 main longitudinal arteries

31
Q

what are the 2 ascending tracts?

A

DCML

spinothalamic

32
Q

function of DCML

A

fine touch, concious proprioception (upper limb)

33
Q

where do fibres cross in DCML

A

medulla

34
Q

functoin of spinothalamic tracts

A

pain, temperature and deep pressure

35
Q

whre do fibres cross in spinothalamic

A

segmentally

36
Q

what are the descending tracts?

A

corticospinal and extrapyramindal (tectospinal, reticulospinal, vestibulospinal)

37
Q

what are the function of corticospinal tract?

A

fine, precise movement (distal limb)

38
Q

where does the corticospinal tract cross?

A

pyramid

39
Q

what does the tectospinal tract do?

A

viusal simuli

40
Q

what does reticulospinal tract do?

A

voluntary movements

41
Q

what does the vestibulospinal tract do?

A

antigravity muscles

42
Q

fibres from pons do what?

A

facilitate exensor movements + inhibit flexor movements

43
Q

fibres from the medulla do what?

A

facilitate flexor movements and inhibit extensor movements

44
Q

what are the 3 layers of the cerebellum?

A

Molecular (outer)
purkinje (middle)
granule layer (inner)

45
Q

what does bilateral cerebellar dysfunction lead to ?

A

slowed, slurred speech, bilateral incoordination of arms, staggering, wide based gait

46
Q

what does a unilateral hemispheric lesion lead to?

A

disturbance of coordination in limbs, intention tremor, unsteady gait, asence of weakness or sensory loss

47
Q

do cerebellar hemispheres influence ipsilateral or contralateral side of the body?

A

ipsilateral

48
Q

what are the 3 functions of the basal ganglia?

A

to facilitate purposeful movement
inhibit unwanted movement
role in posture and muscle tone

49
Q

what is the result of basal ganglia dysfunction?

A

unilateral lesions = affect contraltareal side

do not cause paralysis, sensoy loss, LO power or ataxia

50
Q

what are the 5 basal ganglia

A 
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus 
substantia nigra
51
Q

draw a diagram of typical vertebrae

A 
spinous process
transverse processes 
vertebral foramen
inferior articular process
superior articular process
the vertebral arch
52
Q

what is found in intervertebral foramne?

A

spinal nerves

53
Q

is fibrous ring anulus fibrosis found on the inside or outside

A

outside

54
Q

list the extrinsic back muscles

A

levator scapulae
trapezius
rhomboids
lattissimusdorsi

55
Q

list the intrinsic back muscles?

A 
erector spinae (3 vertical muscles located lateral to the spine) 
transversospinalis
56
Q

where do you inject spinal anaesthetic

A

L3/4

57
Q

what are the 3 opioid receptors

A

u - analgesic effect
s - convulsant
k - analgesia + sedation

PRIYA NEURO (13 decks)

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