DNA: the code of life Flashcards

1
Q

Full name of DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

Organisms with no nucleus

A

prokaryotes e.g. bacteria

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3
Q

Location of DNA in eukaryotes

A

Nucleus

Also in:

  • Mitochondria in plants and animals
  • Chloroplasts in plants
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4
Q

Examples of eukaryotic kingdoms

A
  • plants
  • animals
  • fungi
  • protists
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5
Q

DNA and proteins forming a dense network of fibres in the nucleus

A

Chromatin

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6
Q

Parts of the nucleus include

A
  • Double nuclear membrane
  • Nucleoplasm
  • Chromatin/DNA and proteins
  • Nucleolus
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7
Q

Phase of a cells cycle when the chromatin condenses into distinct chromasomes

A

Prophase of Mitosis and Meiosis

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8
Q

How do you make a karyotype & what do we use it for?

A
  • Cut out images of a cells chromosomes
  • Arranged in pairs and numbered in order of size
  • Shows chromosomal content of cells
  • Can be used to diagnose chromosome level genetic disorders
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9
Q

Number of chromosomes in humans

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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10
Q

Sex chromosomes for a female and a male

A
  • XX = females
  • XY = males
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11
Q

A gene is?

A
  • A specific portion of DNA
  • with a specific sequence
  • that determines a particular characteristic of an organism.
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12
Q

What exactly do genes code for?

A

Protein molecules

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13
Q

DNA not containing genes

A

non-coding DNA

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14
Q

Extra-nuclear DNA often referred to as mtDNA and cpDNA

A

mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA

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15
Q

Reason for adding salt in a DNA extraction

A

To condense DNA and proteins after cells have burst

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16
Q

Reason for adding detergent in a DNA extraction

A

To remove membrane lipids

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17
Q

Reason for adding protease (e.g. meat tenderiser) in a DNA extraction

A

To remove proteins from membranes and chromatin

18
Q

Reason for adding ice cold alcohol in a DNA extraction

A

To purify the DNA as DNA forms a solid precipitate in the alcohol

19
Q

Initially credited with identifying the double helix structure of DNA

A
  • James Watson
  • Francis Crick
  • (in 1953)
20
Q

Performed the X-ray diffraction and photographed it to help discover the structure of DNA

A
  • Rosalind Franklin
  • Maurice Wilkins
21
Q

Repeating units making up DNA are called…

A

Nucleotides

22
Q

Composition of one nucleotide

A
  • Phosphate
  • Deoxyribose
  • Nitrogenous base
23
Q

The five different nitrogenous bases

A
  • A-Adenine
  • T-Thymine
  • C-Cytosine
  • G-Guanine
  • U-Uracil
24
Q

Purine bases

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
25
Pyrimidine bases
* Thymine * Cytosine
26
Nitrogenous base pairing (complementary bases)
* A-T (or A-U in RNA) * C-G
27
Type of bond between complementary bases
Hydrogen bonds
28
What are polymers?
Compounds made with repeating units (e.g. DNA)
29
The method Watson and Crick employed to discover the structure of DNA
Built a model using already known facts about DNA's composition and structure
30
The role of DNA
* Carry all the genetic code for an organism * DNA code is needed for protein synthesis * Replication provides genetic code for both daughter cells in cell division * Passing hereditary information from parents to offspring
31
Phases of the cell cycle
* Interphase, made up of: * First gap phase (G1) - growth in physical size * Synthesis phase (S) - DNA replication * Second gap phase (G2) - checking the cell is ready to divide, and * Mitosis
32
Phase of cell cycle when DNA replication takes place
Interphase - Synthesis phase (S)
33
Errors in DNA code copying during DNA replication that become permanent changes
Mutations
34
Sequence of steps in DNA replication
* DNA unwinds to form a ladder * Enzymes unwind and unzip DNA, breaking hydrogen bonds * Template exposed * Free floating nucleotides in nucleoplasm * Enzymes control joining of free nucleotides to existing template * Forming complimentary strands * Two DNA strands reform
35
Identifying someone using their DNA is called
DNA profiling
36
Main steps in the process of electrophoresis
* DNA loaded into a gel * Electric current makes DNA migrate towards positive electrode * Smaller fragments of DNA move faster * A banding pattern is photographed under ultraviolet light
37
Process of DNA profiling
* DNA from cells is isolated * Enzymes cut DNA at very specific sites into different lengths (different for each individual) * DNA fragments are amplified (copied) by PCR * Electrophoresis is used to identify the DNA profile * Banding patterns are compared to known DNA samples
38
Arguments for use of DNA profiling
* Solve crimes * Determine paternity * Find missing persons * Identify people/ remains
39
Arguments against use of DNA profiling
* Invasion of privacy for victim and suspect * Possibility of tampering evidence * Misuse of technology
40
Give the complementary DNA sequence for: ACTTCTA
TGAAGAT