Dna structure and replication quiz

Question 1

Interphase

Answer 1

where the cell spends most of its time

Question 2

Gap 1

Answer 2

Where the cell grows and makes proteins and copies organelles for cell divison

Question 3

Synthesis phase

Answer 3

Where the cell’s dna is replicated

Question 4

Gap 2

Answer 4

Cell finishes growing and prepares for mitosis by replicating final organelles and proteins

Question 5

Mitosis in cell cycle

Answer 5

where the cell divides
- nucleus divides

Question 6

Cytokinesis in cell cycle

Answer 6

cytoplasm divides

Question 7

G zero

Answer 7

is a resting phase where cells still do normal functions but are not preparing to divide because they might not be enough resources or the cell itself is securely damaged

Question 8

Apoptosis

Answer 8

ensures that irregular cells will not divide and that the cell self destructs

Question 9

What are cancer cells?

Answer 9

Cancer cells can be caused by genetic links, exposer to toxins, redaction, and excess exposer to uv light
- they also divide much faster and take up space form normal cells with damages tissues and organs which can lead to death

Question 10

tumor

Answer 10

a mass of abnormal cells

Question 11

Cancer cells Vs Healthy cells

Answer 11

cancer cells secret growth hormones that attract blood vessels and supply the cancer cell with nutrients which takes away those needed nutrients from healthy cells

Question 12

Parts of a chromosome

Answer 12

chromosomes are made up of a centromere in the center and 2 sister chrmatids

Question 13

What are chromosomes?

Answer 13

Chromosomes are coils structures made up of DNA and Protiens
- dna wraps around his tones to form chromosomes

Question 14

Chromatin

Answer 14

grainy material that forms when dna is not coiled into chromosomes

Question 15

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 15

Humans have 46 chromosomes
- 2 sets of 23 chromosomes/ 1 set from each partner

Question 16

alleles

Answer 16

alternate form of gene

Question 17

How do prokaryotic cells do cellular divison

Answer 17

Binary fission which is cells that split into 2 genetically identical cells

Question 18

steps of cellular divison in prokaryotes

Answer 18

1. Dna replication: dna is copied and forms 2 identical chromosomes
2. Chromosome segregation: the 2 chromosomes hook onto the cell membrane and move to opposite poles which causes them to seperate
3. Seperation: Cell divides by elongating and the cytoplasm divides and forms 2 genetically identical cells

Question 19

Steps in eukaryotic cell divison

Answer 19

its is more complex that prokaryotic cell divison
- prior to dividing all dna in cells is replicated and organelles are duplicated
1. Prophase= first and longest phase where chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane breaks down
- centrioles near nucleus seperate and move to opposite sides/ spindle started to form
2. Metaphase= spindle fibers attach to centromere’s of each sister chromatid and line up in the middle of the cell a.k.a (the metaphase plate)
3. Sister chromatids seperate by the short ending of spindle fibers and sister chromatids got to opposite poles
- each polar have a set of chromosomes
4. Telophase= chromosomes uncoil and form chromatin and the spindle break down and new nuclear membrane is formed
5. Cytokinesis= final stage of cell divison in both pro and eukaryotic cells
- in animal cells= cell membrane of parent cell pinches inward along the cell’s equator until 2 daughter cells are formed
- in plant cells= a cell plate forms along the equator of the parent cell and a new cell membrane and cell wall forms along each side of the cell plate

Question 20

Spindle

Answer 20

consists of microtoublues that pull chromosomes apart during cell divison

Question 21

What are purines

Answer 21

purines have 2 rings and are adenine and guanine

Question 22

What are pyramidines

Answer 22

They have 1 ring and are thymine and cytosine

Question 23

What does a nucleotide monomer consist of?

Answer 23

A sugar (deoxyribose) a phosphate group and a nitrogen containing base

Question 24

What is a polynucleotide chain

Answer 24

Multiple nucleotide monomers that are the backbone of the double helix
- hydrogen bonds hold the chain together
- 2 hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine
- 3 hydrogen bonds between guanine and cytosine

Question 25

DNA’s function

Answer 25

DNA can describe your physical features and contains the genetic information for the cell

Question 26

Dna theory

Answer 26

Watson and crick classified dna as a twisted ladder and used franklin’s X-ray of dna to build the model of the double helix

Question 27

Dna replication

Answer 27

occurs in the s phase of the cell cycle

Question 28

Semi conservative process

Answer 28

half of the parent dna is condensed in each other the 2 daughter cells
- each daughter cell contains 1 strand from parent dna and 1 strand complementary to it

Question 29

Dna replication enzymes

Answer 29

Helicase: unzips the enzyme
primase: synthesizes new strands and lays down primers- few nucleotides/ primer needs to be placed inoder for enzymes and nucleotides to work
Polymerase: build the new strand and reads exposed bases inside the strand and adds bases inside the strand
Ligase: connect dna fragments

Question 30

Direction of dna replication in leading strand?

Answer 30

5’ to 3’ end

Question 31

direction of dna replication in lagging strand

Answer 31

3’ to 5’ end

Question 32

Dna is antiparalle because?

Answer 32

It never intersects and goes in the opposite direction

Question 33

Replication fork

Answer 33

Point where the splitting starts and is used as a template to create 2 dna strands that go in the opposite direction

Question 34

Leading strand

Answer 34

Polymerase adds matching nucleotides onto the template and primer has to happen first so polymerase can hook on to it and build the new dna chain
Polymerase can only copy strands in 5’ to 3’ direction

Question 35

Lagging strands

Answer 35

copied in a series of segmented
Primase allows polymerase to work backwards in fragments (also know as Okazaki fragments)
Polymerase goes back and replaces rna primers with the dna version
Ligase joins the fragments

Question 36

What is the proof reader for dna

Answer 36

polymerase proof reads dna and checks for any mutations and errors

Question 37

Charagaff’s rules

Answer 37

concentration of adenine would always be the same as the concentration of thymine
- 1 ring and 2 rings bond= maintain the shape of the double helix and the distance between the two would be the same

Question 38

What controls the cell cycle?

Answer 38

Regulatory proteins control the cycle cycle by signaling the cell to either start or delay the next phase of the cycle to ensure that the cell has completed the previous phase

Question 39

The DNA of a certain organism has guanine as 30% of its bases. What percentage of its bases would be adenine out of 100%?

Answer 39

20%
Because purines make up half of the percentage out of 100

Question 40

Which enzyme is responsible for adding new free nucleotides to the growing strand?

Answer 40

Dna polymerase

Question 41

In one strand of DNA the nucleotide sequence is 5’-ATGC-3’. The complementary sequence in the other strand must be

Answer 41

5’-GCAT-3’.