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Life Sciences 141 > DNA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION > Flashcards

DNA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

Double Helix

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1
Q

Put the following in order from smallest to largest: nucleotide, genome, nitrogenous base, gene, nucleus, cell, codon, chromosome

A

nitrogenous base, nucleotide, codon, gene, chromosome, genome, nucleus, cell,

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2
Q

Give an overview of the structure of DNA

A
  1. Sugar phosphate backbone
  2. Deoxyribose Sugar
  3. Phosphodiester Bond
  4. Base Pairs
    • with hydrogen bonds
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3
Q

Explain nucleotides fully

A
  • Building blocks of nucleic acids
  • Made up of :
    1. Nitrogen containing group
    2. One or more phosphate containing components
    3. Sugars
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4
Q

What is noticed about nitrogen contains groups / bases

A
  • 2 rings that are fused together
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5
Q

What is a purine

A

Consist of a 6 membered and a 5 membered nitrogen containing ring, fused together

  • eg. Adenine and Guanine
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6
Q

What is a pyridmidine

A
  • Only have a 6 membered nitrogen containing ring

eg. Thyamine and Cytosine

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7
Q

Explain Erwin Chargaff fully

A
  • 1949
  • Determined that despite the complexity of DNA
    • the amount of Adenine = amount of thymine
  • amount of guanine = amount of cytosine
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8
Q

Explain Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

A
  • 1950
  • Made use of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of DNA
  • X-rays were passed through a DNA fibre and the images were “ caught “ on X-ray film by analysing the photographs which showed the shape of DNA
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9
Q

Explain Watson and Crick

A
  • 1953
  • Put together model of DNA structure
  • 2 strands ( made up sugar phosphate with nitrogen bases between ) coiled around one another to form double helix
  • Sugar phosphates form the backbone of the helix and the bases are on the inside
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10
Q

What are the bonds found in the DNA strand

A

Hydrogen; Covalent and Phosphodiester

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11
Q

Explain hydrogen bonds fully

A
  • Between bases
  • 2 between A & T
  • 3 between G&C
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12
Q

Explain covalent bonds fully

A
  • Sharing electron pairs between atoms
  • Covalent bonds occur within each linear strand and strongly bond the bases; sugars and phosphate group
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13
Q

Explain phophodiester binds fully

A
  • Bonds between the 3’ carbon of one nucleotide and the 5’ carbon of the adjacent nucleotide
  • String covalent bonds that hold sugar phosphate backbone together
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14
Q

How do the strands run

A

Opposite directions

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15
Q

Explain 5’ and 3’

A

5’ = bears a phosphate group

3’ = hydroxyl group

16
Q

Explain the ends of DNA in the nucleus

A
  • DNA molecules in eukaryotic chromosomes is linear ( have 2 ends )
  • Long stretches of nucleotides = telomeres
  • 2000 Repeats of the sequence of 5’ GGTTAG 3’
17
Q

What is the function of telomeres

A
  • Start of long but as cell divide they get shorter and short till critical length then that cell has to die
    • indicates cell age
  • Protective caps
18
Q

Process that results in cell death

A

Apoptocis

19
Q

What are histones

A

Proteins that help package DNA strand

20
Q

Nucleosomes

A

Related to histones

21
Q

How is DNA used

A

To make proteins

22
Q

What do genes have

A

Info to make RNA which is then translated to make the protein

23
Q

What is the gene

A

Sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific proteins or RNA molecule and each organism has many genes

24
Q

What is a genome

A

All the genetic material in an organisms cells

25
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA

A
  • mRNA ( messenger RNA )
    -rRNA ( ribosomal RNA )
    -tRNA ( transfer RNA )
26
Q

Explain mRNA

A
  • Carries info that specifies a protein
  • Each gap of 3 mRNA bases in a row forms a codon, which is a genetic “ code word “ that corresponds to one amino acid
27
Q

Explain rRNA

A
  • Combines with proteins to form a ribosomes, the physical location of protein synthesis
  • Some rRNA help to correctly align the ribosome and mRNA and others catalyse formation of the bonds between amino acids in developing protein
28
Q

Explain tRNA

A
  • Molecules are connectors that bind an mRNA codon at 1 end and a specific amino acid at the other end
  • Their roles is to carry each amino acid to the ribosome at the correct spot along the mRNA molecule

Life Sciences 141 (22 decks)

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