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Life Sciences 141 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain Robert Hooke fully

A
  • English physicist who melted spun glass to create lenses
  • Focused on bee stings; fish scales; fly legs and any type of insect he could hold
  • First person to see cells
  • Discovered and initiated a new science, cell Biology
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2
Q

Explain Antony van Leeuwenhoek

A
  • Holland
  • Improved lenses further
  • Created earliest microscopes
  • 1st objectives = tartar scraped from his teeth
  • Viewed bacteria and protists others didn’t know existed and described microscopic parts of larger animals like blood cells
  • Perpetuated the tea of spontaneous generation : suggests life arises from non-living matter / nothing
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3
Q

Explain the cell theory fully

A
  • Scottish surgeon, Robert Brown noted a roughly circular object in cells from orchids
  • Saw the structure in every cell then identified it in cells of a variety of organisms
  • Named it the nucleus
  • Soon microscopists distinguished the translucent moving material that made up the res of the cell calling it the cytoplasm
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4
Q

Explain Matthias and Theodore

A
  • German biologist and Th. proposed new theory based on many observations made with microscopes
  • Schleiden first observed that cells are the basic unit of life and Schwann compared animal cells to plant cells
  • After seeing similarities in many cells they formulated a cell theory which originally had 2 components :
  1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the fundamental unit of life
  • Rudolf Virchow added third component : all cells come from preexisting cells
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5
Q

What are the additional ideas in modern cell theory

A
  • All cells have the same basic composition
  • All cells use energy
  • All cells contain DNA that is duplicated and passed on as each cell divides
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6
Q

Explain light microscopes

A
  • Generating true colour views of living pr preserved cells
  • Light passes through object to reveal internal features
  • Uses 2 or more lenses to focus visible light through specimen
  • Can magnify up to 1600x
  • Specimens must be transparent or thinly sliced
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7
Q

Explain transmission electron microscopes

A
  • Sends a beam of electrons through a very thin slice of a specimen
  • It uses a magnetic field rather than a glass lens to focus the beam
  • Can magnify up to 50 million x
  • Microscope translates constrats in electron transmission into a high resolution 2D image showing internal features
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8
Q

Explain scanning electron microscope

A
  • Scans a beam of electrons over the surface of a metal coated 3D specimen
  • Lower resolution than TEM and max magnification is 250 000 x
  • Main advantage ability to highlight crevices and textures on specimen surface
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9
Q

What are the features all cells have in common

A
  • DNA : cells genetic info
  • RNA : Instrumental in protein synthesis
  • Ribosomes: manufactures proteins
  • Cytoplasm : includes all cells contents
  • Proteins : carry out all the cells work
  • Cytosol : fluid portion of cytoplasm
  • Lipid-rich cell membrane : forms boundary between the cells and its environment
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10
Q

What are life’s 2 domains initally

A
  1. Prokaryotes = simplest and most ancient forms of life are those who lack a nucleus
  2. Eukaryotes = contains a nucleus
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11
Q

What are life’s recent domains

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya
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12
Q

Explain Domain Bacteria

A
  • Most abundant and diverse organisms
  • Cause illness others = good for health and found on the skin and intestinal tract
  • Structurally simple
  • Circular DNA molecule = in nucleiod
  • Rigid cell wall surrounds cell membrane protecting it from bursting from absorbing too much water
  • Many can swim in fluid using flagella
  • Fatty acids
  • The nucleiod id the area where the cells circular DNA molecule congregates
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13
Q

Explain Domain Archaea

A
  • Structurally very similar to bacteria that differ in the composition of their phospholipids; cell walls and flagella
  • No nucleus and membrane bound organelles
  • Nonfatty acid lipids
  • Most have cell walls and flagella is common; small than most eukaryotic cells
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14
Q

Explain Domain Eukarya

A
  • Larger in size
  • Cytoplasm divided into organelles which carry out specific functions
  • Nucleated
  • Elaborate system of membranes creates organelles
  • Fatty acids
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15
Q

What did Carl Woese do

A
  • 1977
  • Studied key molecules in many cell types and detected differences suggesting that prokaryotes actually include 2 forms of life that are distantly related to each other
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16
Q

What is bacteria valuable in

A
  • Research; food processing and pharmaceutical production
  • Critical role as decomposers in the ecosystem
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17
Q

What were the first organisms described

A
  • Microbes that use CO2 and Hydrogen to produce Methane
  • From Domain Archea
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18
Q

Explain Domain Eukarya in more detail ( plants and animals; difference in features)

A
  • From microscopic protists to enormous whales
  • Features that make them different to prokaryotic cells are :
  1. Have a large size ( 10 to 100 times greater )
  2. Cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells is divided into organelles compartments that carry out specials functions
  • Animal and plant cells have many structures in common but also have some differences
  • Plant cells have chloroplast and cell wall whereas animal cells don’t
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19
Q

A membrane separates each cell from its surroundings

A
  • Cell membrane
    • Common in all cells
      - Separates the cytoplasm from the cells surroundings
  • In eukaryotic cells, the internal membranes enclose the organelles
  • Cell membrane is composed of phospholipids : organic molecules that resemble triglycerides but with only 2 fatty acids instead of 3
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20
Q

What is a phospholipid made up of

A
  • 3 Subunits :

A glycerol attached to a hydrophillic phosphate head and 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails

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21
Q

Explain the phospholipid bilayer fully

A
  • Forms the cell membrane
  • Inside and outside of the cell the environment is aqueous ( there is water )
  • The hydrophobic fatty acid tails are directed away from the water
  • Semi permeable due to hydrophobic middle portion
  • Lipids and small, non-polar molecules such as O2; CO2 pass freely in and out of the cell
  • Fatty acid tails at the bilayers interior block ions and polar molecules such as glucose from passing through
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22
Q

What else does the cell membrane consist of

A
  • Not only phospholipid bilayer but also proteins and other molecules
23
Q

Explain the plasma membrane

A
  • AKA fluid mosaic
  • Explains the stricture of the plasma membrane of animal cells as a mosaic of components such as phospholipids; proteins; cholesterol and carbohydrates
  • These give a fluid character to the membranes
24
Q

What do steroid molecules do

A
  • Maintain the cell membranes fluidity as the temperature fluctuates
25
Q

What do phospholipids and proteins do together

A
  • Provide the membranes structure
  • Proteins are especially important to its function
  • Some proteins extend through the phospholipid bilayer whereas others face only the inside to the outside of the cell
26
Q

What proteins do cells have in the membranes

A
  • Transport proteins
  • Enzymes
  • Recognition protein
  • Adhesion proteins
  • Receptor proteins
27
Q

Explain Transport proteins fully

A
  • Embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
  • Creates passages through which ions; glucose and other polar substances pass into or out of the cell
28
Q

Explain enzymes fully

A
  • Facilitate chemical reactions that would otherwise proceed too slowly to sustain life
  • Are organic molecules that catalyse chemical reactions with being consumed
  • Not all are associated with the membrane
29
Q

Explain recognition protein fully

A
  • Carbs are attached to the cell surface proteins serve as name tags that help the body immune system recognise its own cells
  • The immune system will attack cells with unfamiliar surface molecules
30
Q

Explain adhesion proteins fully

A
  • Enable cells to stick to one another
31
Q

Explain receptor proteins fully

A
  • Bind to molecules outside the cell and trigger an internal response called signal transduction
32
Q

Explain how eukaryotic cells divide labour fully

A
  • Organelles have specialise functions that carry out the work of the cell
  • Each has a unique set of proteins and other molecules that fit that organelles functions=
  • The walls of these organelles are membranes, folded with enzymes and proteins
  • Many of cells internal membranes for a co-ordinated endomembrane system
33
Q

Explain the endomembrane system fully in prokaryotic cells

A
  • Consists of several interacting organelles
       - The nuclear envelope; endrplastic reticulum; Golgi apparatus; lysosomes; vacuoles and cell membrane
  • Interactions between the organelles of the endomembrane system enable cells to produce; package and release complex mixtures of biochemicals
34
Q

What organelles are essential for prokaryotic cells

A
  • Cytoplasm
  • DNA
  • Free floating ribosomes
  • Cell membrane
  • Inclusion bodies ( complex molecules that are made up of lipids or sugars)
  • Flagella
35
Q

What other organelles do eukaryotic cells have

A
  • ER
  • Lysosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Golgi apparatus
36
Q

Explain the endomembrane system fully in eukaryotic cells

A
  • Consists of several interacting organelles
    - The nuclear envelope; ER ; Golgi apparatus; lysosomes; vacuoles and cell membrane
  • Interactions between the organelles of the end-membrane system enables cells to produce; package and release complex mixtures of biochemicals
37
Q

Explain the cytoplasm fully

A

The watery mixture that occupies much of the cell’s volume; in eukaryotic cells it consists of all materials including organelles between the nuclear envelope and the cell membrane

38
Q

Explain the cytosol fully

A

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm

39
Q

Explain the cytoskeleton fully

A

Framework of protein rods and tubules in eukaryotic cells

40
Q

Explain Louis Pasteur

A
  • 1859
  • Finally disproved the idea of spontaneous generation
41
Q

Explain the Golgi Apparatus

A
  • A sack of flat, membrane enclosed sacks that function as a processing centre
  • Proteins from the ER pass through the Golgi sacs, complete intricate folding and becomes functional
  • Enzymes in the GA also manufacture and attach carbs to proteins or lipids forming Glycoproteins or Glycolipids
  • GA sorts and packages material into vesicles
  • Move toward the cell membrane
    Some materials become part of the membrane while others are secreted from the cell
42
Q

Explain ER fully

A
  • Proteins destined for cell membrane or secretion - entire complex of ribosomes, mRNA and partially made protein anchors to the surface of ER
  • A network. of sacs and tubes composed of membranes
  • Originates at nuclear envelope and winds throughout the cell
  • Close to nucleus surface studded with ribosomes making proteins that enter the inner compartment of the ER ( Rough ER )
  • These proteins destined for secretion
  • Adjacent to rough ER, Smooth ER, synthesises lipids and other membrane components, house enzymes that detoxify drugs and poisons
43
Q

Explain vesicles

A
  • Lipids and proteins made by the ER exit the organelles in them
  • Transport their contents to GA
44
Q

Explain the nucleus fully

A
  • Core of the cells
  • Functions like the brain of the cells
  • Contains the cell’s DNA
  • The nucleus controls or determines our identity
45
Q

Explain the Mitochondria fully

A
  • Powerhouse of the cell
  • Carries out the metabolic chain reactions that produce Adenosine Triphoshate ( biological form of energy )
  • The heart has the most organelles
46
Q

Define ATP

A

The energy currency of the cell

47
Q

Explain the ribosomes fully

A
  • Have no membrane but still important
  • Make protein and work with ER
  • Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
48
Q

Explain Rough ER

A
  • Connected to the nuclear membrane
  • Have numerous ribosomal particles lined up throughout their surface
  • Make proteins
49
Q

Explain smooth ER fully

A
  • Does not have ribosomes and is responsible for the production of lipids and fats
50
Q

Explain lysosomes fully

A
  • Organelles containing enzymes that dismantle and recycle food particles; captured bacteria; worn-out organelles and debris
  • Called lysosomes because their enzymes lyse or cut apart their substrate
  • GA detects these enzymes by recognising a sugar attached to them, then packages them into vesicles that eventually become lysosomes
51
Q

Explain the flagella and cilia fully

A
  • Long, whiplike appendages that a cell uses for motility
  • Short and numerous, movable protein projections extending from a cell
52
Q

Explain the centrosome fully

A
  • Part of the cell that organises microtubules
53
Q

How does the cytoskeleton support eukaryotic cells

A
  • The cytosol of eukaryotic cells contains a cytoskeleton, an intricate network of protein tracks and tubules
  • A structural framework with many functions
      - Aids in cells division
  - Helps connect cells to one another
    - Enables cells or parts of cells to move
     - Transportation system, structural support necessary to maintain 3D shape
54
Q

What are the 3 major parts of the cytoskeleton

A
  1. Microfilament
  2. Microtubules
  3. Intermediate filaments

Life Sciences 141 (22 decks)

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