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SECOND SEM > DNA RNA BIO 2 (MID TERMS SECOND SEM) > Flashcards

DNA RNA BIO 2 (MID TERMS SECOND SEM) Flashcards

1
Q

was coined in 1919 by Karl
Ereky, a Hungarian engineer.

A

Genetic Engineering

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2
Q
  • Man has used artificial selection to
    exploit and manipulate organisms for thousands of years; horses, camels, oxen, and many other species were already
    domesticated
A

8000 and 1000 B.C

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3
Q

yeast was used to make beer

A

6000 BC

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4
Q
  • plants such as maize, wheat, and rice were bred
A

5000 BC

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5
Q

Socrates speculated on why children do not
necessarily resemble their parents

A

420 BC

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6
Q

Hippocrates would propose that males contribute
to a child’s character through semen: the idea of heredity was
thus established

A

400 BC

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7
Q

Hindu philosophers were giving much thought to the
same questions of reproduction and inheritance

A

100–300 A.D.

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8
Q

It was not just Greeks or Romans who were in a constant quest
for an answer to how life originates but also __________

A

Hindu Philosophers

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9
Q

increase in the number of biochemical such as those on nucleic acids
and amino acids, and the speeding up of the fermentation
industry, biology took on a whole new direction

A

19th Century

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10
Q

Mendel presented his work on peas and
published the results in what year

A

1864-1865

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11
Q

first biotechnology products, including the use of
agar described by the Koch lab

A

1882

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12
Q

the development of the autoclave in __________ by a
French company (Chamberland’s Autoclaves)

A

1884

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13
Q

the discovery of X-rays by W. Roentgen

A

1895

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14
Q

the application of this information to X-ray
crystallography by physicist Sir William Henry Bragg and
his son William Lawrence Bragg and many others

A

1913

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15
Q

who devised the term molecular biology in what year

A

William Austbury, 1945

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16
Q

obtained the X-ray
diffraction data for DNA

A

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
Early 1950’s

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17
Q

performed his famous ―blender experiment‖ with his
assistant _______, showing that the hereditary material is DNA
and not protein

A

Hershey, asst. Maria Chase
1951

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18
Q

Werner Arber identified the restriction enzymes in bacteria
that were designed to cleave DNA

A

late 1960’s

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19
Q

Temin and Baltimore independently identified the viral enzyme
reverse transcriptase

A

1970

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20
Q

would result in the birth of recombinant DNA
technology

A

reverse transcriptase

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21
Q

Paul Berg (Stanford) succeeded in proving the possibility to splice
and to recombine genetic material

A

1971

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22
Q

the first recombinant DNA was produced in ________

A

Boyer Laboratory
1972

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23
Q

first biotechnology company Genentech was born.

A

1976

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24
Q

the invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by
Karen Mullis

A

1983

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25
Q

Genentech’s recombinant interferon gamma and Eli Lilly’s
recombinant human insulin appeared on the market

A

1982

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26
Q

The Human Genome Initiative, later to be renamed the
Human Genome Project

How long until it’s completion?

A

1986

Two decades

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27
Q

Another biotech company, GenPharm International,
created the first transgenic dairy cow to produce human milk
proteins

A

1990

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28
Q

first mammalian
clone, Dolly the sheep, was born, through a procedure known as

A

1997

somatic cell nuclear transfer

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29
Q

involves using enzymes and various
laboratory techniques to manipulate and
isolate DNA segments of interest.

A

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

30
Q

The resulting copies are often referred to as

A

recombinant DNA

31
Q

Recombinant DNA in lab

A
  1. Isolate bacterial Dna
  2. Use enzymes to cut open DNA
  3. Use enzymes to connect Insulin gene and Bacterial DNa
  4. Insert Recombinant DNA to bacteria
32
Q

Tools of Recombinant
DNA Technology

A

Plasmids
Restriction enzymes
DNA Ligase

33
Q

-are physically separated from chromosomal DNA and
replicate independently

A

Plasmids

34
Q

T or F

Plasmids typically have a small
number of genes

A

T

35
Q

These are molecular
scissors used in molecular
biology for cutting DNA
sequences at a specific
site.

A

Restriction Enzymes

36
Q

It attaches 2 pieces of
DNA together

A

DNA Ligase

37
Q

Process of Recombinant
DNA Technology

A
  1. Isolation of Genetic Material
  2. Cutting the gene at the recognition sites
  3. Amplifying the gene copies through Polymerase
    chain reaction (PCR)
  4. Ligation of DNA Molecules
  5. Insertion of Recombinant DNA Into Host.
38
Q

isolate the desired DNA in its pure form i.e. free from other
macromolecules

A

Isolation of Genetic Material

39
Q

It is a process to amplify a single copy of DNA into
thousands to millions of copies once the proper gene of
interest has been cut using restriction enzymes.

A

Amplifying the gene copies through Polymerase
chain reaction (PCR)

40
Q

the joining of the two pieces – a cut
fragment of DNA and the vector together with the help of
the enzyme DNA ligase.

A

Ligation of DNA Molecules

41
Q

the recombinant DNA is introduced into a recipient
host cell.
This process is termed as TRANSFORMATION.

A

Insertion of Recombinant DNA Into Host.

42
Q

also called electropermeabilization, is an efficient, nonviral delivery system that allows genetic material (DNA and RNA),
proteins, drugs or other molecules to enter cells.

A

Electroporation

43
Q

The protoplasm of the living plant cell excluding the cell wall is called

A

Protoplast fusion

44
Q

introduces DNA into animal cells (eggs,
oocytes, and embryos) or plant protoplasts using a micropipette (fine-tipped glass needle).

A

Microinjection

45
Q

is the process wherein genetically engineered
bacteriophages-viruses that parasitize bacteria are introduced into the cell to create the desired recombinant DNA.

A

Transduction

46
Q

Applications of
Recombinant DNA
Technology

A

Industry
Health and Medicine
Environment
Agriculture

47
Q

Applications of
Recombinant DNA
Technology in the Industry

A

E. coli bacteria have
been modified to
produce diesel fuel

48
Q

Applications of
Recombinant DNA
Technology in Health and Medicine

A

-Treatment of genetic diseases (gene therapy)
-Production of medically useful biologicals (e.g. insulin)
-Vaccines production
-Pharmacogenomics

49
Q

Applications of
Recombinant DNA
Technology on Agriculture

A
  • Insect resistant,
  • Herbicide resistant,
  • Drought/freeze
    resistant,
  • Disease resistant,
  • Higher yield,
  • Faster growth,
  • Improved nutrition &
  • Longer shelf life
50
Q

method to make many copies of a DNA

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

51
Q

is a method of finding out how closely related two or more individuals are based on their DNA.

A

Kinship analysis by DNA profiling

52
Q

CRISPR-Cas9

A

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9

53
Q

distinguishes Earth’s
history based on life-forms that existed at certain
times since the planet’s formation.

A

Geologic Time Scale

54
Q

The origin and evolution of the Earth took place over

A

A period of billion years

55
Q

Longest subdivision; based
on the abundance of
certain fossils

A

Eon

56
Q

Next to longest subdivision;
marked by major changes
in the fossil record

A

Era

57
Q

Based on types of life
existing at the time

A

Period

58
Q

Shortest subdivision; marked
by differences in life forms
and can vary from continent
to continent

A

Epoch

59
Q

The Geological Time Scale
was constructed using the
evidences collected from
various sources, like

A

-Field observations
-Fossil records
-Stratigraphic correlations
Radioactive dating
-Paleomagnetic orientations
-Orbital revolution pattern
of the Earth and
-The duration of the daily
rotation of the earth around its axis.

60
Q

The first people who needed to understand the
geological relationships of different rock units were________

A

miners

61
Q

___________a Danish physician
________, described how the position
of a rock layer could be used to show
the relative age of the layer.

A

Nicholas Steno
1638-1687

62
Q

He devised the three main principles
that underlie the interpretation of
geologic time

A

Nicholas Steno

63
Q

what are the three main principles
that underlie the interpretation of
geologic time

A

The principle of superposition
The principle of horizontality
The principle of original lateral continuity

64
Q

What principle: The layer on the bottom was deposited
first and so is the oldest

A

The principle of superposition

65
Q

What Principle: All rock layers were originally deposited
horizontally.

A

The principle of superposition

66
Q

Originally deposited layers
of rock extend laterally in all directions until either thinning out or
being cut off by a different rock layer

A

The principle of original lateral continuity

67
Q

_______a Scottish physician and
geologist________ , thought the surface of the earth was an ever-changing environment and “the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now”

A

James Hutton
(1726-1797)

68
Q

“the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now” this theory is was called

A

Uniformitarianism
or
the present is the key to the past

69
Q

a surveyor, canal builder, and amateur
geologist from England

A

William Smith

70
Q

he produced a geologic map of England in which he
successfully demonstrated the validity of the principle of
faunal succession

A
71
Q
A

SECOND SEM (5 decks)

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