DNA RNA BIO 2 (MID TERMS SECOND SEM)

Question 1

was coined in 1919 by Karl
Ereky, a Hungarian engineer.

Answer 1

Genetic Engineering

Question 2

• Man has used artificial selection to
  exploit and manipulate organisms for thousands of years; horses, camels, oxen, and many other species were already
  domesticated

Answer 2

8000 and 1000 B.C

Question 3

yeast was used to make beer

Answer 3

6000 BC

Question 4

• plants such as maize, wheat, and rice were bred

Answer 4

5000 BC

Question 5

Socrates speculated on why children do not
necessarily resemble their parents

Answer 5

420 BC

Question 6

Hippocrates would propose that males contribute
to a child’s character through semen: the idea of heredity was
thus established

Answer 6

400 BC

Question 7

Hindu philosophers were giving much thought to the
same questions of reproduction and inheritance

Answer 7

100–300 A.D.

Question 8

It was not just Greeks or Romans who were in a constant quest
for an answer to how life originates but also __________

Answer 8

Hindu Philosophers

Question 9

increase in the number of biochemical such as those on nucleic acids
and amino acids, and the speeding up of the fermentation
industry, biology took on a whole new direction

Answer 9

19th Century

Question 10

Mendel presented his work on peas and
published the results in what year

Answer 10

1864-1865

Question 11

first biotechnology products, including the use of
agar described by the Koch lab

Answer 11

1882

Question 12

the development of the autoclave in __________ by a
French company (Chamberland’s Autoclaves)

Answer 12

1884

Question 13

the discovery of X-rays by W. Roentgen

Answer 13

1895

Question 14

the application of this information to X-ray
crystallography by physicist Sir William Henry Bragg and
his son William Lawrence Bragg and many others

Answer 14

1913

Question 15

who devised the term molecular biology in what year

Answer 15

William Austbury, 1945

Question 16

obtained the X-ray
diffraction data for DNA

Answer 16

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
Early 1950’s

Question 17

performed his famous ―blender experiment‖ with his
assistant _______, showing that the hereditary material is DNA
and not protein

Answer 17

Hershey, asst. Maria Chase
1951

Question 18

Werner Arber identified the restriction enzymes in bacteria
that were designed to cleave DNA

Answer 18

late 1960’s

Question 19

Temin and Baltimore independently identified the viral enzyme
reverse transcriptase

Answer 19

1970

Question 20

would result in the birth of recombinant DNA
technology

Answer 20

reverse transcriptase

Question 21

Paul Berg (Stanford) succeeded in proving the possibility to splice
and to recombine genetic material

Answer 21

1971

Question 22

the first recombinant DNA was produced in ________

Answer 22

Boyer Laboratory
1972

Question 23

first biotechnology company Genentech was born.

Answer 23

1976

Question 24

the invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by
Karen Mullis

Answer 24

1983

Question 25

Genentech’s recombinant interferon gamma and Eli Lilly’s recombinant human insulin appeared on the market

Answer 25

1982

Question 26

The Human Genome Initiative, later to be renamed the Human Genome Project How long until it's completion?

Answer 26

1986 Two decades

Question 27

Another biotech company, GenPharm International, created the first transgenic dairy cow to produce human milk proteins

Answer 27

1990

Question 28

first mammalian clone, Dolly the sheep, was born, through a procedure known as

Answer 28

1997 somatic cell nuclear transfer

Question 29

involves using enzymes and various laboratory techniques to manipulate and isolate DNA segments of interest.

Answer 29

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

Question 30

The resulting copies are often referred to as

Answer 30

recombinant DNA

Question 31

Recombinant DNA in lab

Answer 31

1. Isolate bacterial Dna 2. Use enzymes to cut open DNA 3. Use enzymes to connect Insulin gene and Bacterial DNa 4. Insert Recombinant DNA to bacteria

Question 32

Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology

Answer 32

Plasmids Restriction enzymes DNA Ligase

Question 33

-are physically separated from chromosomal DNA and replicate independently

Answer 33

Plasmids

Question 34

T or F Plasmids typically have a small number of genes

Answer 34

T

Question 35

These are molecular scissors used in molecular biology for cutting DNA sequences at a specific site.

Answer 35

Restriction Enzymes

Question 36

It attaches 2 pieces of DNA together

Answer 36

DNA Ligase

Question 37

Process of Recombinant DNA Technology

Answer 37

1. Isolation of Genetic Material 2. Cutting the gene at the recognition sites 3. Amplifying the gene copies through Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 4. Ligation of DNA Molecules 5. Insertion of Recombinant DNA Into Host.

Question 38

isolate the desired DNA in its pure form i.e. free from other macromolecules

Answer 38

Isolation of Genetic Material

Question 39

It is a process to amplify a single copy of DNA into thousands to millions of copies once the proper gene of interest has been cut using restriction enzymes.

Answer 39

Amplifying the gene copies through Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Question 40

the joining of the two pieces – a cut fragment of DNA and the vector together with the help of the enzyme DNA ligase.

Answer 40

Ligation of DNA Molecules

Question 41

the recombinant DNA is introduced into a recipient host cell. This process is termed as TRANSFORMATION.

Answer 41

Insertion of Recombinant DNA Into Host.

Question 42

also called electropermeabilization, is an efficient, nonviral delivery system that allows genetic material (DNA and RNA), proteins, drugs or other molecules to enter cells.

Answer 42

Electroporation

Question 43

The protoplasm of the living plant cell excluding the cell wall is called

Answer 43

Protoplast fusion

Question 44

introduces DNA into animal cells (eggs, oocytes, and embryos) or plant protoplasts using a micropipette (fine-tipped glass needle).

Answer 44

Microinjection

Question 45

is the process wherein genetically engineered bacteriophages-viruses that parasitize bacteria are introduced into the cell to create the desired recombinant DNA.

Answer 45

Transduction

Question 46

Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology

Answer 46

Industry Health and Medicine Environment Agriculture

Question 47

Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology in the Industry

Answer 47

E. coli bacteria have been modified to produce diesel fuel

Question 48

Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology in Health and Medicine

Answer 48

-Treatment of genetic diseases (gene therapy) -Production of medically useful biologicals (e.g. insulin) -Vaccines production -Pharmacogenomics

Question 49

Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology on Agriculture

Answer 49

* Insect resistant, * Herbicide resistant, * Drought/freeze resistant, * Disease resistant, * Higher yield, * Faster growth, * Improved nutrition & * Longer shelf life

Question 50

method to make many copies of a DNA

Answer 50

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 51

is a method of finding out how closely related two or more individuals are based on their DNA.

Answer 51

Kinship analysis by DNA profiling

Question 52

CRISPR-Cas9

Answer 52

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9

Question 53

distinguishes Earth's history based on life-forms that existed at certain times since the planet's formation.

Answer 53

Geologic Time Scale

Question 54

The origin and evolution of the Earth took place over

Answer 54

A period of billion years

Question 55

Longest subdivision; based on the abundance of certain fossils

Answer 55

Eon

Question 56

Next to longest subdivision; marked by major changes in the fossil record

Answer 56

Era

Question 57

Based on types of life existing at the time

Answer 57

Period

Question 58

Shortest subdivision; marked by differences in life forms and can vary from continent to continent

Answer 58

Epoch

Question 59

The Geological Time Scale was constructed using the evidences collected from various sources, like

Answer 59

-Field observations -Fossil records -Stratigraphic correlations Radioactive dating -Paleomagnetic orientations -Orbital revolution pattern of the Earth and -The duration of the daily rotation of the earth around its axis.

Question 60

The first people who needed to understand the geological relationships of different rock units were________

Answer 60

miners

Question 61

___________a Danish physician ________, described how the position of a rock layer could be used to show the relative age of the layer.

Answer 61

Nicholas Steno 1638-1687

Question 62

He devised the three main principles that underlie the interpretation of geologic time

Answer 62

Nicholas Steno

Question 63

what are the three main principles that underlie the interpretation of geologic time

Answer 63

The principle of superposition The principle of horizontality The principle of original lateral continuity

Question 64

What principle: The layer on the bottom was deposited first and so is the oldest

Answer 64

The principle of superposition

Question 65

What Principle: All rock layers were originally deposited horizontally.

Answer 65

The principle of superposition

Question 66

Originally deposited layers of rock extend laterally in all directions until either thinning out or being cut off by a different rock layer

Answer 66

The principle of original lateral continuity

Question 67

_______a Scottish physician and geologist________ , thought the surface of the earth was an ever-changing environment and "the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now"

Answer 67

James Hutton (1726-1797)

Question 68

"the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now" this theory is was called

Answer 68

Uniformitarianism or the present is the key to the past

Question 69

a surveyor, canal builder, and amateur geologist from England

Answer 69

William Smith

Question 70

he produced a geologic map of England in which he successfully demonstrated the validity of the principle of faunal succession