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Biochemistry > DNA, RNA and biotechnology > Flashcards

DNA, RNA and biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the force between the Phosphate groups in DNA and RNA?

A

Electrostatic replusion

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2
Q

What is the bonding between pentose sugar and nitrogenous base?

A

N-glycosidic bond

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3
Q

What is the bonding between nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A

Hydrogen bonding

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4
Q

What is the forces between nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA?

A

Van der Waals (London forces)

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5
Q

What does a DNA nucleotide consist of?

A

Phosphate - Sugar - Base

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6
Q

What does a DNA nucloside consist of?

A

Sugar - Base

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7
Q

What configuration are nucleosides in?

A

β configuration

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8
Q

How many hydrogen bond are between Adenine and Thymine?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between cytosine and guanine?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

What is Palindrome?

A

The top strand read forwards is the same as the bottom strand read backward

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11
Q

What is the hairpin structure?

A

Single palindromic DNA strand

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12
Q

What is the cruciform structure?

A

Double palindromic DNA strand

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13
Q

What is the secondary structure of DNA?

A

Double helix

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14
Q

How is tertiary structure formed in DNA?

A

Chromosomal DNA forms a closed circle, twisting into a supercoiled DNA

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15
Q

What else can supercoiled DNA occur in?

A

Plasmids

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16
Q

What is the process of DNA folding?

A

1) DNA helix wraps around a histone protein twice - forming a nucleosome

2) Further packed into loops creating chromatin fibre

3) CHromatin fibre folded into loops to form chromosome

17
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Exact copies created prior to cell divison

18
Q

What is mRNA?

A

RNA carrying code for producing proteins

19
Q

What is the function of mRNA (Messenger RNA)?

A

1) DNA is unzipped and a single chain of pre-mRNA is made
2) Pre-mRNA is processed into mRNA (removing non coding sequence)
3) mRNA sequence is read 3 bases at a time to determine the order of amino acids in the protein chain

20
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Transfer RNA that transfers a specific amino acid to the ribosome

21
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

A

One end of tRNA binds to a specific amino acid and the othr end binds to a specific codon

22
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Separation of double stranded DNA into coiled single strands

23
Q

What is the characteristic melting curve for each DNA strand dependent on?

A

Nucleotide sequence

24
Q

What can be done under controlled pH?

A

Estimating base composition

25
Q

What is the purpose of Polymrase chain reaction (PCR)?

A

Amplify targeted regions of DNA

26
Q

What is the process of using PCR?

A
  1. DNA heated to 90 °C → denatures
  2. Cool to 60 °C → allows primersto bind to complimentary DNA sequence
  3. Heat to 72 °C → allows Taq polymerase to extend the primers → synthesise complimentary DNA strand
    (You will now have 2 identical copies of DNA. )
  4. Repeat
27
Q

What is the purpose of Gel electrophoresis?

A

Identify DNA fragments based on size and shape

28
Q

What is important about te gel in gel electrophoresis?

A

Contains microscopic holes of different sizes

29
Q

What is the function of Gel electrophoresis?

A

Fragments are drawn through the gel via electrical current (DNA is negatively charged so moves towards positive anode)

  • Fragments are viewed under UV to compare fragments to known length
30
Q

What happns if the fragment is short in Gel electrophoresis?

A

Travels faster along the gel

31
Q

What is short tandem DNA repeats?

A

4 base pairs repeated many times

32
Q

What is DNA profiling?

A

Specific positions on the chromosomes (loci) where the number of repeats is highly variable between individuals

33
Q

What do PCR primers do?

A

Select chromosomes (loci) where short tandem repeats of interest lie for amplification by PCR

34
Q

What is the process of Sanger DNA sequencing?

A

Primer binds to template strand (strand to be sequenced)
• dNTPs available to extend primer strand, complementary to template
• ddNTPs compete with dNTPs
• Binding of a ddNTP stops further synthesis

35
Q

What are Nucleases?

A

Enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds to break apart DNA

36
Q

What are Restriction endonucleases?

A

Breaks apart DNA sequnces at specific sites to produce DNA fragments

37
Q

What is the process of DNA cloning?

A
  1. Plasmid is cleaved by a restriction endonuclease
  2. DNA fragment of interest cleaved from eukaryotic chromosome by a restriction endonuclease
  3. DNA fragment of interest added to plasmid by DNA ligase to form recombinant vector
  4. Recombinant vector inserted into bacterium
  5. Bacterial growth → cloning of recombinant DNA

Biochemistry (11 decks)

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