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BIOLOGY - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES > DNA & RNA > Flashcards

DNA & RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

What does RNA stand for

A

rubinucleic acid

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3
Q

What is the role of DNA

A

to store genetic information

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4
Q

What is genetic information

A

the instructions an organism needs to grow and develop from a fertilised egg to an adult

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5
Q

What is one of the main functions of RNA

A

to transfer genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

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6
Q

What are ribosomes

A

protein producers

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7
Q

What do ribosomes do to produce proteins

A

they read the RNA to make polypeptides in a process called translation

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8
Q

What are ribosomes made from

A

RNA and proteins

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9
Q

What is DNA and RNA polymers of

A

nucleotides

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10
Q

What type of molecule is a nucleotide

A

biological

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11
Q

What 3 things is a nucleotide made from

A

1) pentose sugar
2) nitrogen-containing organic base
3) phosphate group

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12
Q

What is a pentose sugar

A

sugar with 5 carbon atoms

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13
Q

What are the 5 types of nitrogen-containing organic bases

A

1) cytosine
2) guanine
3) thymine
4) adenine
5) uracil

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14
Q

How are the pentose sugar, phosphate group and bases joined

A

condensation reaction

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15
Q

What do the pentose sugar, phosphate group and bases join to make

A

mononucleotide

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16
Q

How do 2 mononucleotides join together

A

by a condensation reaction between deoxyribose sugar of one mononucleotide and phosphate group of the other with a phosphodiester bond

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17
Q

What do 2 mononucleotides joined together to make

A

dinucleotide

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18
Q

What is a polynucleotide

A

lots of mononucleotides joined together

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19
Q

What is DNA a sequence of

A

bases

20
Q

What is the characteristics of RNA

A

single, relarively short polynucleotide chain

21
Q

What is the sugar in RNA

A

pentose

22
Q

What are the bases of RNA

A

adenina, guanine, cytosine & uracil

23
Q

What is the structural characteristics of DNA

A

double helix, relatively long polynucleotide chain

24
Q

What is the sugar in DNA

A

deoxyribose

25
Q

What are the bases in DNA

A

adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

26
Q

What are the 2 strands in DNA joined together by

A

hydrogen bonds

27
Q

What is base pairing

A

the joining of specific and complementary bases by hydrogen bonds

28
Q

What bases are complementary to each other

A

adenine & thymine

guanine & cytosine

29
Q

What does a phosphodiester bond contain

A

phosphate group and 2 ester bonds

30
Q

What is the chain of sugars and phosphates known as in the polynucleotide strand

A

sugar-phosphate backbone

31
Q

Are there equal amounts of A,T,G&C in DNA

A

yes

32
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between A&T

A

2

33
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between G&C

A

3

34
Q

What twists to form the double-helix structure of DNA

A

anti-parallel polynucleotide strands

35
Q

What does anti-parallel mean

A

running in opposite directions

36
Q

Is DNA a stable molecule

A

yes

37
Q

What 2 reasons is DNA a stable molecule

A

1) phosphodiester backbone protects the more chemically reactive organic bases inside the double helix
2) hydrogen bonds link the organic bases to form bridges (rungs). 3 hydrogen bonds between G&C - more G&C = more stable

38
Q

What are rungs

A

bridges formed between organic bases with hydrogen bonds

39
Q

What else holds the molecule together

A

other interactive forces, base stacking

40
Q

What provides the genetic diversity within living organisms

A

DNA sequence variation

41
Q

How is DNA adapted to carry out its function (5 ways)

A

1) very stable, normally passes without change and rarely mutates
2) 2 strands joined by hydrogen bonds that can separate during DNA replication and protein synthesis
3) extremely large molecule so can carry lots of genetic information
4) genetic information is protected by sugar-phosphate backbone from outside chemical and physical forces
5) can replicate and transfer info as mRNA due to base pairing

42
Q

Why did people doubt that DNA could carry the genetic code

A

it has a relatively simple structure

43
Q

Who determined DNA and its function

A

Watson and Crick

44
Q

What were the other contenders for the role of genetic information

A

particular proteins

45
Q

What are the 2 types of carbon atoms in pentose molecule on the nucleic acids

A

3’ (3 prime) and 5’ (5 prime)

46
Q

What direction do the 3’ and 5’ run

A

opposite (antiparallel)

47
Q

Where does the enzyme DNA polymerase attach to the nucleotides

A

the hydroxyl (OH) group on the 3’ carbon molecule

BIOLOGY - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES (12 decks)

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