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BIOLOGY - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES > CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

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1
Q

What unusual feature does carbon hold

A

They very rapidly form bonds with other carbon atoms

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2
Q

What does the unusual feature carbon has mean

A

a sequence of carbon atoms of various lengths can be built up

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3
Q

How many other atoms attach to carbon and what does this mean

A

few, means life is based on a small number of chemical elements

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4
Q

What is an organic molecule

A

carbon-containing molecule

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5
Q

What is a polymer

A

long, complex chains of monomers

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6
Q

What 4 elements are most polymers made up of

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

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7
Q

What is the basic monomer unit in carbohydrates

A

saccharides (mono-di-poly)

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8
Q

What are saccharides known as

A

sugars

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9
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides in carbohydrates

A

glucose, fructose and galactose

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10
Q

What type of sugar is glucose

A

hexose sugar

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11
Q

What is a hexose sugar

A

monosaccharisde with 6 carbon atoms in each molecule

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12
Q

How many types of glucose are there

A

2

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13
Q

What are the types of glucose

A

alpha and beta

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14
Q

What are alpha and beta to each other

A

isomers

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15
Q

What is the arrangement of alpha glucose

A

H at top, OH at bottom

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16
Q

What is the arrangement of beta glucose

A

OH at top, H at bottom

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17
Q

Are monosaccharides soluble?

A

yes

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18
Q

What is the general formula of monosaccharides

A

(CH2O)n where n=between 3 and 7

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19
Q

What is the formula for glucose

A

C6H1206

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20
Q

What is a condensation reaction

A

joining of molecules with formation of a new chemical bond and release of a water molecule

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21
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction

A

breaking apart of chemical bond between monomers using a water molecule

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22
Q

What test is used for sugars

A

Benedits test

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23
Q

How many types of sugars are there

A

2

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24
Q

What are the types of sugars

A

Reducing, non-reducing

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25
Q

What is the test for reducing sugars

A

1) Add 2cm3 of sample into a test tube (make sure its in liquid form, so if not - grind up in water)
2) Add an equal volume of Benedicts reagent
3) Heat gently in a water bath thats been brought to the boil for 5 minutes

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26
Q

What is the positive result if reducing sugars are present

A

Colour change from blue to red (through rainbow)

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27
Q

What is the test for non-reducing sugars

A

1) Add liquid sample to test tube
2) Add Benedicts reagent to sample and filter , then heat in a water bath brought to the boil
3) Add same amount of dilute hydrochloric acid to hydrolyse any disaccharide present into monosaccharides
3) Heat in a water bath thats been brought to the boil
4) Add sodium hydrogencarbonate to neutralise it
5) Add equal volume of Benedicts reagent
6) Heat gently in a water bath thats been brought to the boil for 5 minutes

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28
Q

What is the positive result for non-reducing sugars

A

colour change from blue to red

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29
Q

What is a more precise way of seeing if there’s a positive result

A

filter the solution and weighing the precipitate

30
Q

What bond is formed when monosaccharides join by condensation reaction

A

glycosidic bond

31
Q

What bond is removed in the hydrolysis of mnonosaccharides

A

glycosidic bond

32
Q

What does glucose and glucose form

A

maltose

33
Q

What does glucose and galactose form

A

lactose

34
Q

What does glucose and fructose form

A

sucrose

35
Q

Are polysaccharides soluble

A

No, because they are very large

36
Q

What are 3 examples of polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

37
Q

Where is starch mainly found

A

plants

38
Q

What example form is starch found in the form of in plants

A

small starch grains in chloroplasts

39
Q

What is starch used for in plants

A

main energy storage material

40
Q

How is starch formed

A

joining of 200-100,000 alpha glucose molecules by glycosidic bonds

41
Q

What is starch the store of in plants

A

excess glucose

42
Q

What two pollysaccharides makes up starch

A

amylose and amylopectin

43
Q

What is the structure of amylose

A

long, unbranched coiled chain on alpha glucose

44
Q

Why is amylose coiled

A

the angles of the glyosidic bonds

45
Q

What is the benefit of amylose being coiled

A

it is compact, so can fit more in a small place

46
Q

What holds the helix in place in amylose

A

the OH groups are pointing inwards

47
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin

A

long, branched chain of alpha glucose

48
Q

What is the benefit of amylopectin being branched

A

it has side branches that means the enzymes can break down the glycosidic bonds easily to release glucose molecules - energy - (as the ends are exposed)

49
Q

What other 3 characteristics of starch make it good for storage

A

1) it is insoluble, so doesn’t affect water potential as water is not drawn into cells by osmosis
2) it is large and insoluble, so does not diffuse out of cells
3) it is hydrolysed to to form alpha glucose, which is easily transported & readily used in respiration

50
Q

What is the test for starch

A

iodine test

51
Q

What temperature is the iodine test carried out in

A

room temperature

52
Q

What are the steps for the iodine test

A

1) Place 2cm3 of the sample into a test tube

2) Add 2 drops of iodine dissolved in potassium iodide solution

53
Q

What is a variation to the iodine test

A

1) Place 2cm3 into a depression on a spotting tile

2) add 2 drops of iodine dissolved in potassium iodide solution

54
Q

What is a positive result for the iodine solution

A

sample turns blue-black

55
Q

Where is glycogen found

A

animals and bacteria

56
Q

What is glycogen used for

A

main energy (carbohydrate) storage material in animals

57
Q

What is the structure of glycogen

A

long, highly branched chain of alpha glucose with lots of side branches

58
Q

What are the benefits of glycogen being highly branched

A

has lots of side branches with ends that mean enzymes can break down to form glycogen monomers (used in respiration)

59
Q

Why do animals require a more accessible store of energy than plants

A

they have a higher metabolic & respiratory rate

60
Q

What other 2 characteristics mean glycogen is good for storage

A

1) insoluble, so does not change water potential so draw water into cells by osmosis or diffuse out of cells
2) compact, so lots can be stored in a small place

61
Q

What is cellulose made from

A

long chains beta glucose

62
Q

What is the difference between glycogen & starch with cellulose

A

starch and glycogen = alpha glucose

cellulose = beta glucose

63
Q

What is cellulose used for

A

major component of cell walls in plants, to make the cell wall rigid and stop the cell bursting as water enters by osmosis

64
Q

What is the structure of cellulose

A

long, unbranched straight chains of beta glucose

65
Q

Why is cellulose straight chained

A

it has adjacent glucose molecules rotated by 180 degrees, that allows hydrogen bonds to form between the -OH groups on parallel chains

66
Q

Why does cellulose need to provide maximum surface area

A

for photosynthesis

67
Q

How does cellulose provide maximum surface area

A

it exerts an inward pressure that stops further influx of water so non-woody plants are semi-rigid. This means that they are turgid and have max surface area

68
Q

What are the parallel cellulose chains linked together by

A

hydrogen bonds

69
Q

What do the cellulose chains linked together form

A

microfibrils

70
Q

What do micro-fibrils grouped to form

A

fibres

71
Q

How is cellulose suited to its function (3 characteristics)

A

1) made up of beta glucose so form straight, unbranched chains
2) chains are cross linked by hydrogen bonds, so they are strong
3) molecules are group to form microfibrils , that form fibres, which provide more strength

BIOLOGY - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES (12 decks)

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