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BIOLOGY - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES > CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

1
Q

What unusual feature does carbon hold

A

They very rapidly form bonds with other carbon atoms

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2
Q

What does the unusual feature carbon has mean

A

a sequence of carbon atoms of various lengths can be built up

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3
Q

How many other atoms attach to carbon and what does this mean

A

few, means life is based on a small number of chemical elements

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4
Q

What is an organic molecule

A

carbon-containing molecule

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5
Q

What is a polymer

A

long, complex chains of monomers

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6
Q

What 4 elements are most polymers made up of

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

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7
Q

What is the basic monomer unit in carbohydrates

A

saccharides (mono-di-poly)

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8
Q

What are saccharides known as

A

sugars

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9
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides in carbohydrates

A

glucose, fructose and galactose

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10
Q

What type of sugar is glucose

A

hexose sugar

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11
Q

What is a hexose sugar

A

monosaccharisde with 6 carbon atoms in each molecule

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12
Q

How many types of glucose are there

A

2

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13
Q

What are the types of glucose

A

alpha and beta

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14
Q

What are alpha and beta to each other

A

isomers

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15
Q

What is the arrangement of alpha glucose

A

H at top, OH at bottom

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16
Q

What is the arrangement of beta glucose

A

OH at top, H at bottom

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17
Q

Are monosaccharides soluble?

A

yes

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18
Q

What is the general formula of monosaccharides

A

(CH2O)n where n=between 3 and 7

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19
Q

What is the formula for glucose

A

C6H1206

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20
Q

What is a condensation reaction

A

joining of molecules with formation of a new chemical bond and release of a water molecule

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21
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction

A

breaking apart of chemical bond between monomers using a water molecule

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22
Q

What test is used for sugars

A

Benedits test

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23
Q

How many types of sugars are there

A

2

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24
Q

What are the types of sugars

A

Reducing, non-reducing

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25
What is the test for reducing sugars
1) Add 2cm3 of sample into a test tube (make sure its in liquid form, so if not - grind up in water) 2) Add an equal volume of Benedicts reagent 3) Heat gently in a water bath thats been brought to the boil for 5 minutes
26
What is the positive result if reducing sugars are present
Colour change from blue to red (through rainbow)
27
What is the test for non-reducing sugars
1) Add liquid sample to test tube 2) Add Benedicts reagent to sample and filter , then heat in a water bath brought to the boil 3) Add same amount of dilute hydrochloric acid to hydrolyse any disaccharide present into monosaccharides 3) Heat in a water bath thats been brought to the boil 4) Add sodium hydrogencarbonate to neutralise it 5) Add equal volume of Benedicts reagent 6) Heat gently in a water bath thats been brought to the boil for 5 minutes
28
What is the positive result for non-reducing sugars
colour change from blue to red
29
What is a more precise way of seeing if there's a positive result
filter the solution and weighing the precipitate
30
What bond is formed when monosaccharides join by condensation reaction
glycosidic bond
31
What bond is removed in the hydrolysis of mnonosaccharides
glycosidic bond
32
What does glucose and glucose form
maltose
33
What does glucose and galactose form
lactose
34
What does glucose and fructose form
sucrose
35
Are polysaccharides soluble
No, because they are very large
36
What are 3 examples of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose
37
Where is starch mainly found
plants
38
What example form is starch found in the form of in plants
small starch grains in chloroplasts
39
What is starch used for in plants
main energy storage material
40
How is starch formed
joining of 200-100,000 alpha glucose molecules by glycosidic bonds
41
What is starch the store of in plants
excess glucose
42
What two pollysaccharides makes up starch
amylose and amylopectin
43
What is the structure of amylose
long, unbranched coiled chain on alpha glucose
44
Why is amylose coiled
the angles of the glyosidic bonds
45
What is the benefit of amylose being coiled
it is compact, so can fit more in a small place
46
What holds the helix in place in amylose
the OH groups are pointing inwards
47
What is the structure of amylopectin
long, branched chain of alpha glucose
48
What is the benefit of amylopectin being branched
it has side branches that means the enzymes can break down the glycosidic bonds easily to release glucose molecules - energy - (as the ends are exposed)
49
What other 3 characteristics of starch make it good for storage
1) it is insoluble, so doesn't affect water potential as water is not drawn into cells by osmosis 2) it is large and insoluble, so does not diffuse out of cells 3) it is hydrolysed to to form alpha glucose, which is easily transported & readily used in respiration
50
What is the test for starch
iodine test
51
What temperature is the iodine test carried out in
room temperature
52
What are the steps for the iodine test
1) Place 2cm3 of the sample into a test tube | 2) Add 2 drops of iodine dissolved in potassium iodide solution
53
What is a variation to the iodine test
1) Place 2cm3 into a depression on a spotting tile | 2) add 2 drops of iodine dissolved in potassium iodide solution
54
What is a positive result for the iodine solution
sample turns blue-black
55
Where is glycogen found
animals and bacteria
56
What is glycogen used for
main energy (carbohydrate) storage material in animals
57
What is the structure of glycogen
long, highly branched chain of alpha glucose with lots of side branches
58
What are the benefits of glycogen being highly branched
has lots of side branches with ends that mean enzymes can break down to form glycogen monomers (used in respiration)
59
Why do animals require a more accessible store of energy than plants
they have a higher metabolic & respiratory rate
60
What other 2 characteristics mean glycogen is good for storage
1) insoluble, so does not change water potential so draw water into cells by osmosis or diffuse out of cells 2) compact, so lots can be stored in a small place
61
What is cellulose made from
long chains beta glucose
62
What is the difference between glycogen & starch with cellulose
starch and glycogen = alpha glucose | cellulose = beta glucose
63
What is cellulose used for
major component of cell walls in plants, to make the cell wall rigid and stop the cell bursting as water enters by osmosis
64
What is the structure of cellulose
long, unbranched straight chains of beta glucose
65
Why is cellulose straight chained
it has adjacent glucose molecules rotated by 180 degrees, that allows hydrogen bonds to form between the -OH groups on parallel chains
66
Why does cellulose need to provide maximum surface area
for photosynthesis
67
How does cellulose provide maximum surface area
it exerts an inward pressure that stops further influx of water so non-woody plants are semi-rigid. This means that they are turgid and have max surface area
68
What are the parallel cellulose chains linked together by
hydrogen bonds
69
What do the cellulose chains linked together form
microfibrils
70
What do micro-fibrils grouped to form
fibres
71
How is cellulose suited to its function (3 characteristics)
1) made up of beta glucose so form straight, unbranched chains 2) chains are cross linked by hydrogen bonds, so they are strong 3) molecules are group to form microfibrils , that form fibres, which provide more strength

BIOLOGY - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES (12 decks)

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