DNA manipulation Flashcards
what are structural genes?
are genes that code for proteins that become part of the structure and function of an organism (protein for eye colour)
what are regulatory genes
genes that code for proteins that are involved in the expression of one or more other genes (transcription factors)
what is reverse transcriptase?
an enzyme that synthesises single stranded DNA from RNA
what is DNA ligase?
an enzyme that joins fragments by creating a phosphodiester bond
what are endonucleases?
enzymes that cut DNA at the specific locations
what are blunt ends
straight cut
what are sticky ends
complementary hang overs
where do restriction enzymes come from?
bacteria/prokaryotes
what is PCR?
polymerase chain reaction - amplifies DNA
what are the 3 steps of Polymerase chain reaction
- denaturation - heated to 95 degrees to break hydrogen bonds between DNA strands
- Annealing - 55 degrees to form hydrogen bonds between primers and DNA
- extension - 72 degrees, optimum temp for taq polymerase, adds free nucleotides to form DNA strand
what components are needed for PCR
taq polymerase, free nucleotides, DNA, buffer solution (stable PH), primers
what is gel electrophoresis
a technique that separates DNA due to charge and size
what is DNA profiling
DNA sample is extracted using restriction enzymes, STR’s amplified and sorted by size, can be analysed to see if they match specific other STRs
