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z Molecular Bio > DNA, Genes and Chromosomes > Flashcards

DNA, Genes and Chromosomes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Match the following terms:

A. DNA –> RNA
B. RNA –> Proteins
C. RNA –> DNA

  1. Translation
  2. Reverse transcription
  3. Transcription
A

A. 3
B. 1
C. 2

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2
Q

What is the site of ribosomal RNA production + assembly?

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

Nucleus is bounded by inner/outer membrane with _____ _____ where materials move in/out. The outer membrane is connected to the ____ _________.

A

Nuclear pores

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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4
Q

What are the four phases of the cell cycle?

A

G1; gap phase 1
S; synthesis
G2; gap phase 2
M; mitosis

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5
Q

Match the following terms regarding the cell cycle:

A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M

  1. Cell prepares for mitosis
  2. Cell constituents (RNA, lipid, proteins) made, cell increases in size
  3. Chromosome segregation + division
  4. DNA replication duplicates each chromosome
A

G1: Cell constituents (RNA, lipid, proteins) made, cell increases in size

S: DNA replication duplicates each chromosome

G2: Cell prepares for mitosis

M: Chromosome segregation + division

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6
Q

Match the following terms:

A. G1
B. G2
C. M

  1. Replicated chromosomal DNA
  2. Unreplicated chromosomal DNA
  3. Condensed sister chromatids
A

G1 - Unreplicated chromosomal DNA

G2 - Replicated chromosomal DNA

M - Condensed sister chromatids

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7
Q

The bond A-T has __ H-bonds, while C-G has ___ H-bonds.

A

2, 3

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8
Q

What are the two purines and the three pyrimidines?

A

Purines: Adenine (A) + Guanine (G)

Pyrimidines: Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U)

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9
Q

Three key features of nucleotides include:

A
  1. base
  2. pentose sugar; ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA
  3. phosphate
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10
Q

___________ bond links adjacent nucleotides, while the polynucleotide sequence is always written in _______ direction.

A

Phosphodiester

5’ –> 3’

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11
Q

What evidence and by who did James Watson and Francis Crick use to propose the DNA double helical structure?

A

The analysis of DNA fiber X-ray diffraction patterns generated by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

and

Erwin Chargaff’s revelation that the percentages of A=T and G=C

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12
Q

How does the Tata box binding protein (TBP) bend DNA?

A

Conserved C-terminal of the TBP binds to the minor groove, which is rich in A&T. This bends and untwists DNA.

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13
Q

The ______ the G+C%, the _____ the Tm, breaking the ______ G-C hydrogen bonds requires more energy
than breaking the ___ A-T hydrogen bonds.

A

greater, greater, 3, 2

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14
Q

What is Tm?

A

The temperature in which half of the dsDNA bases have denatured.

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15
Q

How does gene family arise?

A

Duplication of genes during unequal meiosis recombination (crossing over)

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16
Q

What proteins organizes a single DNA molecule into increasing levels of condensation from nucleosomes to higher order
chromatin folding?

A

Histones and non-histones

17
Q

T or F. To access any given portion of highly compacted DNA for transcription, replication, and repair of damage, the long DNA molecules must become tangled or broken.

A

F

18
Q

What can unequal crossing over during meiosis may result?

A

exon or gene duplication

*duplicated genes on one chromosome might encode slightly different proteins

19
Q

What are the two types of eukaryotic transcription units?

A
  1. Simple transcription unit (10% of human transcripts)
  2. Complex transcription unit
20
Q

T/F. Simple transcription unit is a polycistronic region, that encodes for more than one protein

A

False.

Simple transcription unit is a MONOCISTRONIC region that encodes for one protein.

21
Q

Match the following terms regarding mutations in simple transcription unit:

  1. Mutation in a transcription controlled region
  2. Mutation in an exon
  3. Mutation in an intron

a. new splice site -> abnormally spliced mRNA -> mutated protein
b. decreased or no transcription; decreased or no protein
c. abnormal protein with diminished activity

A

Mutation in a transcription controlled region - decreased or no transcription; less or no protein

Mutation in an exon - abnormal protein with diminished activity

Mutation in an intron - new splice site -> abnormally spliced mRNA -> mutated protein

22
Q

For complex transcription unit, a transcript can be processed in 3 different ways. Name + define them.

A
  1. Alternative splice sites; same outer exons but different internal exons encode PROTEIN ISOFORMS (polycistronic)
  2. Two poly(A) sites; mRNA with alternative 3’ exons
  3. Alternative cell-type-specific promoters; one promoter is activated with one exon in one mRNA, and another promoter is activated with another exon in another mRNA.
23
Q

Mutation in shared control regions/exons affect ____ proteins, while mutations in different control regions/exons affects ___ protein.

A

Both, One.

24
Q

Protein coding genes can be solitary or part of family. Gene families encode:

A

a) protein isoforms with specific physiological functions
b) heavily used gene products that must be transcribed at increased rate

25
Q

Duplicated genes common in ______ ________. Higher density of protein-coding genes with out introns common in ______ ______ / ___________.

A

Higher eukaryotes

Lower eukaryotes/prokaryotes

26
Q

What kind of organisms have a lower gene density with non-coding introns/sequences including long tandem arrays of repeated short sequences?

A

Multi cellular animal/plant

27
Q

Match the following terms:

  1. DNA fingerprinting
  2. Chromosome painting

A. reveals chromosome defects + evolutionary relationships. can also analyze chromosomal translocations
B. compares individual differences in simple-sequence tandem arrays

A

DNA fingerprinting - compares individual differences in simple-sequence tandem arrays.

Chromosome painting - reveals chromosome defects + evolutionary relationships. can also analyze chromosomal translocations

28
Q

Chromatin contains _______ of DNA wrapped around _______ ________.

A

Nucleosomes

Histone Octamers

29
Q

What are the four major post-translational modifications on histones that are used to regulate chromatin structure & gene transcription?

A
  1. Acetylation
  2. Methylation
  3. Phosphorylation
  4. Ubiquitinylation
30
Q

Chromosomes are localized in _________ “territories” in the interphase nucleus which each of them are restricted to.

A

Non-overlapping + territory.

31
Q

Define nucleosome structure

A

~145 bp of DNA around octamer protein core with 2. copies of each histones.

Histone surface (+) hold (-) DNA.

DNA wrapped one & 2/3 turns around histone core.

32
Q

How are nucleosomes arranged in extracted chromatin?

A

like beads on a string

33
Q

What is the difference between euchromatic and heterochromatic?

A

Euchromatin is decondensed & allows cellular components to access the DNA.

Heterochromatin is condensed; super compact.

34
Q

What is the G-value paradox?

A

The number of protein-coding genes does not correlate with biological complexity

35
Q

What is the C-value paradox?

A

Genome size does not correlate with biological complexity

z Molecular Bio (9 decks)

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