DNA and RNA and Protein Synthesis (Ch. 13 and 14) Flashcards
What are the causes of cell differentiation in multicellular organisms?
Many are still not known. Some of them include external environmental cues and mutations.
Name DNA’s nucleic acids and RNA’s nucleic acids
DNA: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
RNA: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
Define mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.
Messenger RNA carries the instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins, Transfer RNA carries amino acids to the coded mRNA message, ribosomal RNA combines with proteins to create ribosomes.
What is RNA polymerase and where does it bind?
An enzyme that separates DNA strands and binds to one of the strands to form a complementary strand of RNA
How is mRNA read when being read for an amino acid sequence?
Three bases at a time, in codons
What is an anticodon?
Three bases on tRNA that match with the codons on mRNA
What is transcription?
The process of creating an mRNA strand that is complementary to a strand of DNA
What is translation?
The process of making proteins with tRNA by using the genetic coding in mRNA
Describe the process of translation.
mRNA binds to the ribosome made of rRNA, and the tRNA anticodons bind with their matching mRNA codons, and each tRNA carries a protein that then gets assembled in a specific order from this process, which creates a polypeptide chain that will form protein
What are transcription factors and how do they act to control gene expression?
Stop and Start codons, they help make sure that the proteins are assembled correctly.
What is a point mutation? Outcomes? Positive, negative, neutral effects?
Point mutations are when a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence. This can result in neutral outcomes, such as changing a nucleotide base that doesn’t change the amino acid, or negative outcomes such as changing a single amino acid of every amino acid from the mutation until the end codon.
Explain mutations and their effects on an affected proteins.
Mutations are a change in DNA sequence, and can cause a protein to malfunction or to not be produced at all.
What is Chargaff’s rule?
The amount of guanine is always equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is always equal to thymine.
Explain DNA replication.
The enzyme helicase unzips DNA into two strands, and each strand has it’s other half replicated by DNA polymerase, making two new strands that each contain half of the original strand.
What are properties of Eukaryotic DNA replication?
Linear DNA, multiple replication bubbles (LOOK AT GRAPH ON PAGE 427)
