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DNA and RNA Flashcards

1
Q

Shape of DNA

A

Double helix

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2
Q

Purpose of RNA

A

Used as a messenger to communicate with the rest of the cell while the DNA stays in the nucleus
Used in protein synthesis

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3
Q

Components of the nucleotides that make up DNA and RNA

A

Nitrogen base
Pentose (five-carbon) sugar
Phosphate group
(Pentose and phosphate make up the sugar phosphate backbone)

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4
Q

Pentose sugar found in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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5
Q

Pentose sugar found in RNA

A

Ribose

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6
Q

Nitrogen bases found in DNA

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

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7
Q

Nitrogen bases found in RNA

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

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8
Q

Nitrogen bases which are purines

A

Adenine

Guanine

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9
Q

Nitrogen bases which are pyrimidines

A

Thiamine/uracil

Cytosine

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10
Q

DNA bases which pair together

A

Adenine and thiamine

Guanine and cytosine

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11
Q

RNA bases which pair together

A

Adenine and uracil

Guanine and thiamine

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12
Q

Term for a set of three adjacent nucleotides

A

Codon

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13
Q

Number of amino acids

A

20

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14
Q

Number of possible codon combinations in the human genome

A

64

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15
Q

Segment of DNA or RNA which codes for a protein

A

Exon

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16
Q

Segment of DNA or RNA which does not code for a protein, and which is eliminated by splicing before translation

A

Intron

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17
Q

Production of new DNA from template DNA

A

Replication

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18
Q

Process by which RNA is synthesised by DNA

A

Transcription

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19
Q

Part of the cell where transcription takes place

A

Nucleus

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20
Q

Unprepared RNA which contains the introns which do not code for polypeptides

A

Heterogenous nuclear RNA

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21
Q

Process by which heterogenous nuclear RNA has introns removed

A

Splicing

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22
Q

Enzymes which transcribe RNA from DNA

A

RNA polymerases

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23
Q

Three main types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA

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24
Q

RNA which carries information from DNA out to ribosomes

A

Messenger RNA

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25
Process by which RNA synthesises proteins
Translation
26
RNA which brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation
Transfer RNA
27
RNA which make up ribosomes and provide a place for mRNA and tRNA to attach to during translation
Ribosomal RNA
28
Area of the cell where translation occurs
Cytoplasm
29
Structure which ribosomes attach to for translation
Endoplasmic reticulum
30
Type of endoplasmic reticulum formed by the attachment of ribosomes
Rough ER
31
Process by which transfer RNA is attached to amino acids according to its codon sequence in order to bring them to the ribosomes
Amino acid activation
32
Enzyme which catalyses amino acid activation in order to add the amino acids to RNA molecules to form tRNA
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
33
Electrolyte required for amino acid activation
Mg2+
34
Three phases of translation
Initiation Elongation Termination
35
Steps in the initiation phase of translation
Ribosome assembles around the correct area of mRNA where it finds a start codon First tRNA molecule attaches to the start codon of the mRNA
36
Steps in the elongation phase of translation
Other tRNAs with matching anticodons attach to the appropriate codons of the mRNA First tRNA molecule drops off its amino acid which is attached to the second amino acid, and picks up another amino acid to reattach The amino acids join in a long chain with peptide bonds to make a polypeptide
37
Steps in the termination phase of translation
A stop codon on the mRNA is reached The ribosome releases the completed polypeptide The ribosome moves on to the next mRNA to be translated
38
Equivalent of codons found on tRNA
Anti-codons
39
Most common start codon found on mRNA
AUG
40
Most common stop codons found on mRNA
UAA UGA UAG
41
Changes that occur in a protein molecule after translation but before it becomes functionally active
Modification
42
Parts of the cell where protein modification takes place
Endoplasmic reticulum | Golgi bodies
43
Protein modification process where a phosphorus/oxygen group is added to a protein to activate or inactivate it
Phosphorylation
44
Protein modification process where carbohydrate molecules are added
Glycosylation
45
Part of the cell aberrantly folded proteins are taken to during modification in order to be destroyed
Lysosomes
46
Protein which attaches to unwanted cellular proteins to label them for degradation
Ubiquitin
47
Function of proteasomes within a cell
To degrade cellular material
48
Region of DNA which initiates RNA transcription
Promoter region
49
Mnemonic for purines and pyrimidines
Purines - Pure as gold (adenine, guanine) | Pyrimidines - pyramids CUT (cytosine, uracil, thiamine)
50
An individuals collection of genes
Genotype
51
An individual's collection of chromosomes
Karyotype
52
A set of polymorphisms which tend to be inherited together
Haplotype
53
Number of DNA codons which are stop codons and do not code for an amino acid
3
54
Number of DNA codons which code for amino acids
61
55
Most common stop codons found on DNA
TAA TAG TGA
56
Most common start codon found on DNA
ATG
57
Measure of the distance between loci
Recombination fraction
58
Minimum and maximum values for the recombination fraction of two loci
0-50%
59
Percentage of the human genome which codes for proteins
2%
60
Process that allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins
Alternative splicing
61
Amino acid which is coded for by the start codon
Methionine
62
Components of nucleosides
Nitrogenous base | Pentose sugar
63
Difference between nucleotides and nucleosides
Nucleotides are phosphorylated nucleosides
64
Structure in the cell where proteins are stored temporarily after synthesis
Golgi complex
65
Structure in the cell responsible for energy production
Mitochondria
66
Structure in the cell which is the site of protein synthesis and contains rough ER
Nissl substance
67
Structure of the cell which is used for structural support and transportation
Microfilaments and microtubules
68
Most common post-translational protein modification
Phosphorylation
69
Organelles which are involved in the degradation of lipids
Endosomes
70
Step that occurs after RNA is transcribed in order for it to be processed for translation
Introns are removed through splicing
71
Collection of expressed mRNA
Transcriptome

Genetics (9 decks)

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