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Genetics > DNA and RNA > Flashcards

DNA and RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

Shape of DNA

A

Double helix

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2
Q

Purpose of RNA

A

Used as a messenger to communicate with the rest of the cell while the DNA stays in the nucleus
Used in protein synthesis

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3
Q

Components of the nucleotides that make up DNA and RNA

A

Nitrogen base
Pentose (five-carbon) sugar
Phosphate group
(Pentose and phosphate make up the sugar phosphate backbone)

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4
Q

Pentose sugar found in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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5
Q

Pentose sugar found in RNA

A

Ribose

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6
Q

Nitrogen bases found in DNA

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

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7
Q

Nitrogen bases found in RNA

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

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8
Q

Nitrogen bases which are purines

A

Adenine

Guanine

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9
Q

Nitrogen bases which are pyrimidines

A

Thiamine/uracil

Cytosine

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10
Q

DNA bases which pair together

A

Adenine and thiamine

Guanine and cytosine

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11
Q

RNA bases which pair together

A

Adenine and uracil

Guanine and thiamine

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12
Q

Term for a set of three adjacent nucleotides

A

Codon

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13
Q

Number of amino acids

A

20

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14
Q

Number of possible codon combinations in the human genome

A

64

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15
Q

Segment of DNA or RNA which codes for a protein

A

Exon

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16
Q

Segment of DNA or RNA which does not code for a protein, and which is eliminated by splicing before translation

A

Intron

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17
Q

Production of new DNA from template DNA

A

Replication

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18
Q

Process by which RNA is synthesised by DNA

A

Transcription

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19
Q

Part of the cell where transcription takes place

A

Nucleus

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20
Q

Unprepared RNA which contains the introns which do not code for polypeptides

A

Heterogenous nuclear RNA

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21
Q

Process by which heterogenous nuclear RNA has introns removed

A

Splicing

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22
Q

Enzymes which transcribe RNA from DNA

A

RNA polymerases

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23
Q

Three main types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA

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24
Q

RNA which carries information from DNA out to ribosomes

A

Messenger RNA

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25
Q

Process by which RNA synthesises proteins

A

Translation

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26
Q

RNA which brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation

A

Transfer RNA

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27
Q

RNA which make up ribosomes and provide a place for mRNA and tRNA to attach to during translation

A

Ribosomal RNA

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28
Q

Area of the cell where translation occurs

A

Cytoplasm

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29
Q

Structure which ribosomes attach to for translation

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

30
Q

Type of endoplasmic reticulum formed by the attachment of ribosomes

A

Rough ER

31
Q

Process by which transfer RNA is attached to amino acids according to its codon sequence in order to bring them to the ribosomes

A

Amino acid activation

32
Q

Enzyme which catalyses amino acid activation in order to add the amino acids to RNA molecules to form tRNA

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

33
Q

Electrolyte required for amino acid activation

A

Mg2+

34
Q

Three phases of translation

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

35
Q

Steps in the initiation phase of translation

A

Ribosome assembles around the correct area of mRNA where it finds a start codon
First tRNA molecule attaches to the start codon of the mRNA

36
Q

Steps in the elongation phase of translation

A

Other tRNAs with matching anticodons attach to the appropriate codons of the mRNA
First tRNA molecule drops off its amino acid which is attached to the second amino acid, and picks up another amino acid to reattach
The amino acids join in a long chain with peptide bonds to make a polypeptide

37
Q

Steps in the termination phase of translation

A

A stop codon on the mRNA is reached
The ribosome releases the completed polypeptide
The ribosome moves on to the next mRNA to be translated

38
Q

Equivalent of codons found on tRNA

A

Anti-codons

39
Q

Most common start codon found on mRNA

A

AUG

40
Q

Most common stop codons found on mRNA

A

UAA
UGA
UAG

41
Q

Changes that occur in a protein molecule after translation but before it becomes functionally active

A

Modification

42
Q

Parts of the cell where protein modification takes place

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi bodies

43
Q

Protein modification process where a phosphorus/oxygen group is added to a protein to activate or inactivate it

A

Phosphorylation

44
Q

Protein modification process where carbohydrate molecules are added

A

Glycosylation

45
Q

Part of the cell aberrantly folded proteins are taken to during modification in order to be destroyed

A

Lysosomes

46
Q

Protein which attaches to unwanted cellular proteins to label them for degradation

A

Ubiquitin

47
Q

Function of proteasomes within a cell

A

To degrade cellular material

48
Q

Region of DNA which initiates RNA transcription

A

Promoter region

49
Q

Mnemonic for purines and pyrimidines

A

Purines - Pure as gold (adenine, guanine)

Pyrimidines - pyramids CUT (cytosine, uracil, thiamine)

50
Q

An individuals collection of genes

A

Genotype

51
Q

An individual’s collection of chromosomes

A

Karyotype

52
Q

A set of polymorphisms which tend to be inherited together

A

Haplotype

53
Q

Number of DNA codons which are stop codons and do not code for an amino acid

A

3

54
Q

Number of DNA codons which code for amino acids

A

61

55
Q

Most common stop codons found on DNA

A

TAA
TAG
TGA

56
Q

Most common start codon found on DNA

A

ATG

57
Q

Measure of the distance between loci

A

Recombination fraction

58
Q

Minimum and maximum values for the recombination fraction of two loci

A

0-50%

59
Q

Percentage of the human genome which codes for proteins

A

2%

60
Q

Process that allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins

A

Alternative splicing

61
Q

Amino acid which is coded for by the start codon

A

Methionine

62
Q

Components of nucleosides

A

Nitrogenous base

Pentose sugar

63
Q

Difference between nucleotides and nucleosides

A

Nucleotides are phosphorylated nucleosides

64
Q

Structure in the cell where proteins are stored temporarily after synthesis

A

Golgi complex

65
Q

Structure in the cell responsible for energy production

A

Mitochondria

66
Q

Structure in the cell which is the site of protein synthesis and contains rough ER

A

Nissl substance

67
Q

Structure of the cell which is used for structural support and transportation

A

Microfilaments and microtubules

68
Q

Most common post-translational protein modification

A

Phosphorylation

69
Q

Organelles which are involved in the degradation of lipids

A

Endosomes

70
Q

Step that occurs after RNA is transcribed in order for it to be processed for translation

A

Introns are removed through splicing

71
Q

Collection of expressed mRNA

A

Transcriptome

Genetics (9 decks)

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