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BIOLOGY > DNA and protein synthesis > Flashcards

DNA and protein synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the genetic code ?

A
  • the order of bases on DNA.
  • consists of codon (triplets of bases that code for a particular amino acid )
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2
Q

identify features of genetic code .

A
  • non- overlapping = each triplet is only read once
  • degenerate = more than one triplet codes for same amino acid (64 possible triplet for 20 amino )
  • universal = same bases and sequences used by all species .
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3
Q

what is a gene ?

A
  • a sequence of bases on DNA molecule that codes for specific sequence of amino acids to make a polypeptide
  • can also code for functional RNA
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4
Q

what is a locus ?

A
  • the fixed position on a DNA molecule occupied by a gene .
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5
Q

what is a genome ?

A
  • complete set of genetic info contained in cells of an organism
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6
Q

what is an allele ?

A
  • different versions of same gene, found at same locus on a chromosome
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7
Q

what are exons and introns ?

A
  • exons = regions of DNA codes for amino acid sequences = repeated by one/ more introns
  • introns = regions of DNA that don’t code for anything
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8
Q

where are introns found ?

A
  • between exons within genes
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9
Q

what is the proteome ?

A
  • the complete set of proteins that can be produced by a cell.
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10
Q

describe the function + structure of messsenger RNA (mRNA)

A
  • long, single strand.
  • its base sequence is complementary to DBA it was transcribed from.
  • produced during transcription - RNA polymerase uses DNA as template to prove mRNA strand
  • carries genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm - provides instruction for make protein in ribosome
  • made up of triplet of bases = codons
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11
Q

suggest advantages of using mRNA rather than DNA for translation

A
  • shorter + contains uracil = breaks down quickly so no excess polypeptide forms
  • single stranded + linear = ribosomes moves along strand + tRNA binds to exposed bases
  • contains no introns
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12
Q

describe the structure + function of transfer RNA (tRNA)

A
  • single strand of 80 nucleotides folded over into clover leaf shape
  • on one end = anti-codon , on opposite end = amino acid binding site
  • carries amino acids to ribosomes during translation
  • anticodon binds to complementary codons in mRNA to convert mRNA sequence into proteins primary sequence
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13
Q

what is produced by transcription?

A

mRNA

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14
Q

where does transcription take place ?

A
  • in the nucleus
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15
Q

outline the process of transcription .

A
  • DNA polymerase binds to beginning of gene (area = promoter region = helps RNA polymerase bind to gene)
  • DNA uncoils into 2 strands with exposed bases- DNA polymerase separates DNA strands, produce single dna template for transcription
  • free nucleotides line up next to their complementary bases, and are joined together by RNA polymerase
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16
Q

what happens to mRNA after transcription?

A
  • in eukaryotic cells , pre-mRNA must be spliced to remove introns, leaving only coding regions
  • then moved out of nucleus and attached to a ribosome
17
Q

what is produced by translation?

A

proteins

18
Q

where does translation take place ?

A

in cytoplasm (on ribosomes)

19
Q

outline the process of translation .

A
  • the anti-codon of tRNA attaches to complementary bases on mRNA .
  • amino acids bonded to tRNA from peptide bonds, continuing to form polypeptide chain until a stop codon reached
  • this process requires ATP.
20
Q

explain what’s meant by triplet code (nature of the genetic code)

A
  • 3 nucleotide bases make up a codon, which code for particular amino acid
21
Q

explain what’s meant by non-overlapping code ?

A
  • coding’s don’t overlap
  • once ribosome has “read” one codon + appropriate amino acid been recruited, the ribosome moves onto a new codon
22
Q

explain what’s meant by degenerate codes?

A
  • diff codons can code for same amino acids
  • e.g = codons CUU and CUC both code for amino acids leucine
  • some mutations have no effect on organism as same protein still produced
23
Q

explain what’s meant by universal code

A
  • all organisms use same genetic code

BIOLOGY (14 decks)

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