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MCAT Biochemistry > DNA and Biotechnology > Flashcards

DNA and Biotechnology Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Nucleosides

A

contain a five carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base

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2
Q

Nucleotides

A

nucleosides with one to three phosphate groups added

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3
Q

Purines

A

A and G

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4
Q

Pyrimidines

A

C,U,T

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5
Q

A pairs with

A

T in DNA

U in RNA

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6
Q

C pairs with

A

G in DNA and RNA

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7
Q

DNA Backbone

A

composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups in a 5’-3’ order

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8
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A

purines and pyrimidines are equal in number in a DNA molecule

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9
Q

Denaturing

A

DNA is pulled apart

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10
Q

Reannealed

A

DNA is brought back together

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11
Q

Eukaryotic DNA has ___ chromosomes

A

46

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12
Q

Eukaryotic DNA is wound around _______ to form ____

A

histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) to form nucleosomes

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13
Q

Nucleosomes are stabilized by

A

H1

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14
Q

DNA and histones make up

A

Chromatin in the nucleus

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15
Q

Heterochromatin

A

dense, transcriptionally silent DNA (dark when viewed)

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16
Q

Euchromatin

A

less dense, transcriptionally active DNA (light when viewed)

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17
Q

Telemeres

A

the ends of chromosomes that contain high GC content to prevent DNA unravelling

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18
Q

Centromeres

A

Hold sister chromatids together until they are separated during anaphase in mitosis
also contain high CG content

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19
Q

Eukaryotic DNA Replication: Origin

A

multiple per chromosome

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20
Q

Eukaryotic DNA Replication: Unwinding of DNA Double Helix

A

Helicase

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21
Q

Eukaryotic DNA Replication: Stabilization of Unwound Template Strands

A

Single-stranded DNA binding protein

22
Q

Eukaryotic DNA Replication: Synthesis of RNA primers

A

Primase

23
Q

Eukaryotic DNA Replication: Synthesis of DNA

A

DNA polymerases alpha and sigma

24
Q

Eukaryotic DNA Replication: Removal of RNA primers

A

RNase H (5’-3’ exonuclease)

25
Q

Eukaryotic DNA Replication: Replacement of RNA with DNA

A

DNA polymerase sigma

26
Q

Eukaryotic DNA Replication: Joining Okazaki Fragments

A

DNA ligase

27
Q

Eukaryotic DNA Replication: Removal of Positive supercoils ahead of advancing replication forks

A

DNA topoisomerases

28
Q

Eukaryotic DNA Replication: Synthesis of Telomeres

A

Telomerase

29
Q

Prokaryotic DNA Replication: Origin of Replication

A

One per chromosome

30
Q

Prokaryotic DNA Replication: Unwinding of DNA double helix

A

Helicase

31
Q

Prokaryotic DNA Replication: Stabilization of unwound template strands

A

Single-stranded DNA-binding protein

32
Q

Prokaryotic DNA Replication: Synthesis of RNA primers

A

Primase

33
Q

Prokaryotic DNA Replication: Synthesis of DNA

A

DNA Polymerase III

34
Q

Prokaryotic DNA Replication: Removal of RNA Primers

A

DNA Polymerase I (5’-3’ Exonuclease)

35
Q

Prokaryotic DNA Replication: Replacement of RNA with DNA

A

DNA polymerase I

36
Q

Prokaryotic DNA Replication: Joining of Okazaki Fragments

A

DNA ligase

37
Q

Prokaryotic DNA Replication: Removal of positive supercoiled ahead of advancing replication forks

A

DNA topoisomerase (DNA Gyrase)

38
Q

Semiconservative DNA Replication

A

one old parent strand and one new daughter strand is incorporated into each of the two new molecules

39
Q

Leading Strand

A

requires only one primer and can be synthesized continuously

40
Q

Lagging Strand

A

requires many primers and is synthesized in discrete sections called Okazaki fragments

41
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA composed of nucleotides from two different sources

42
Q

DNA cloning

A

introduces a fragment of DNA into a vector plasmid and a restriction enzyme cutes both the plasmid and the fragment, leaving them with stick ends that can bind

43
Q

DNA Libraries

A

large collections of known DNA sequences

44
Q

Genomic Libraries

A

Contain large fragments of DNA including introns and exons, cannot be used to make recombinant proteins or for gene therapy

45
Q

cDNA Libraries

A

aka expression libraries
contain smaller fragments of DNA and only include exons of genes expressed by the sample tissue, they can be used to make recombinant proteins or for gene therapy

46
Q

PCR

A

an automated process by which millions of copies of DNA sequence can be created from a very small sample by hybridization

47
Q

Aragrose Gel Electrophoresis

A

Can be used to separate DNA molecules by size

48
Q

Southern Blotting

A

can be used to detect the presence and quality of various DNA strands in a sample. After electrophoresis the sample is transferred to a membrane that can be probed with single-stranded DNA molecules to look for a sequence of interest

49
Q

DNA Sequencing

A

uses dideoxyribonucleotides with terminate the DNA chain because they lack a 3’ -OH group

50
Q

Structure of Purines

A

2 rings

51
Q

Structure of Pyrimidines

A

1 ring

52
Q

Histones

A

DNA is wound around histones to form chromatin, there are 5 histones ( 2-5 are involved in winding, 1 seals off DNA)

MCAT Biochemistry (12 decks)

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