Division And Differentitation In Human Cells Flashcards
What are gametes (sperm and ova) and the stem cells that divide to form gametes called?
Germline cell
What is any cell in the body other than cells involved in reproduction called?
Somatic cells
What term is used to describe a cell that contains 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes?
Diploid
What term is used to describe a cell like a gamete that contains 23 single chromosomes?
Haploid
How do somatic stem cells divide and what does this produce ?
By mitosis to form more somatic cells
Why is somatic cell division by mitosis important?
It maintains the diploid chromosome number
How do germline stem cells divide to form more germline stem cells?
Mitosis
How do germline stem cells divide to form haploid gametes?
Meiosis
What happens during the first division during meiosis ?
Separation of homologous chromosomes
What happens during the second division during meiosis?
Separation of chromotids
What is the process which produces proteins characteristic for that type of cell called?
Cellular differentiation
What does cellular differentiation allow a cell to do ?
This allows a cell to carry out specialised functions
Where are embryonic stem cells found?
In the very early embryo
Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into all the cell types that make up the individual, what term describes this?
Pluripotent
Why can embryonic stem cells differentiate into all the cell types that make up the individual ?
As all the genes in embryonic stem cells can be switched on
What term describes the ability of a tissue stem cell to differentiate into all of the types of cell found in a particular tissue type ?
Multi-potent
What are tissue stem cells involved in?
Growth, repair and renewal of the cells found in that tissue
What do blood stem cells located in the bone marrow give rise to?
Red blood cells, platelets, phagocytes, and lymphocytes
What does therapeutic uses of stem cells involve?
The repair of damaged or diseased organs or tissue
Give 2 examples of therapeutic uses of stem cells
Regeneration of damaged skin and corneal repair
What does stem cells research provide information on?
How cells processes such as cell growth, differentiation and gene regulation work
Research uses of stem cells involve them being used as model cells, what are model cells used for ?
To study how diseases develop or drug testing
What is an ethical issue to using embryonic stem cells?
It involves destruction of embryos
Why do cancer cells divide excessively?
Cancer cells do not respond to regulatory signals
What forms as a results of cancer cells dividing excessively?
A mass of abnormal cells called a tumour
How does a secondary tumour form?
Cells in the tumour fail to attach to one another and spread through the body
Diploid cells contain how many chromosomes?
46
Haploid cells contain how many chromosomes ?
23
Where are blood stem cells located ?
Bone marrow
What do blood stem cells located in bone marrow give rise to?
Red blood cells, platelets,phagocytes and lymphocytes
