Diversity - Representations Of Gender (Paper 2) Flashcards
What is Sex? (Rep of gender)
The biological differences between a Male and a Female
What is gender? (Rep of gender)
The social expectations or assumptions assigned via our Sex
Why is gender significant for language? (Rep of gender)
As the social expecations or assumptions regarding Gender often apply to language
Why is The English Language sexist according to Miller and Swift? (Historical) (Rep of gender)
The English language evolved in the patriarchal Anglo-Saxon society so as a result appears sexist
What does Spender say about ‘language being Male as norm’? (Rep of gender)
She said that language supports the supremacy on men due to male being the norm (e.g ‘mankind’)
What did Gradol and Swan claim about using man to refer to all humans? (Rep of gender)
They said its unnecessary and confusing
What is a marked term? (Rep of gender)
A term which is typically associated with a gender (Firefighter or Dr + Nurse or Vet)
What is the bound morpheme to switch a male marked term to a female one? (Rep of gender)
-ess = ‘Dutchess, Actress’
What is a gratuitous modifer? (Rep of gender)
A free modifier that is often used in front of a markered term - ‘lady doctor’ ‘male nanny’
What does Spender claim about the reasoning behind the order of precedence of words? (Rep of gender)
She claims its linked to old outdated attitudes of society passed
What term did Schulz (1995) use to describe the inequality of power between male and female words? (Rep of gender)
Lexical asymmetry
What is Lexical asymmetry to describe? (Rep of gender)
Female words in pairs that seem equal but aren’t (e.g Bachelor + Spinster)
What did Baker find about common collocations of Marked terms? (Rep of gender)
He found that they significantly favoured men (e.g eligible bachelor, frustated spinster)
What did Stanely (1973) find out about the lexical gaps between male and female terms for sexual promiscuity? (Rep of gender)
He found 200 words to describe sexually promiscuous females and only 20 for sexually promiscuous males
What is a collocation? (Rep of gender)
A pair or group of words that are habitually juxtaposed (e.g heavy drinker, Strong tea)
What do terms of adress show about the gap in gendered terms? (Rep of gender)
That women appear weaker and subservient (e.g princess compared to Sir or Chief)
What did Spender argue about the language used to show aging? (Rep of gender)
She argued that whilst language is used to desribe a man increasing in maturity (e.g Boys to Men) but women stay as girls (e.g girls to Old girls) - always shows immaturity
Why are Holmes’s findings of women being referred to as food or animals significant? (Rep of gender)
It shows the lack of lexical respect they have
