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BIOLOGY 1030 > Diversity of Protists > Flashcards

Diversity of Protists Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotes:

A

protists, plants, animals, fungi
Have membrane-bound organelles
• Have a nucleus
• Have a cytoskeleton for support (Allows for asymmetrical cell forms)
4 supergroups within Eukarya (2 unresolved protistan group)
most are single celled organisms

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2
Q

Protists

A

are the most abundant eukaryotic lineages and are unicellular

Some can exist in colonies or be multicellular

Diverse reproductive cycles
Asexual, sexually, alternating between 2N and N

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3
Q

Describe the nutritional modes in protists

A

Diverse nutritional modes:
Photoautotrophs, containing chloroplasts
Heterotrophs
Mixotrophs, both photosynthetic and heterotrophic( Have arisen independently in protist lineages )

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4
Q

Explain how the endomembrane system and plastids evolved in the evolution of eukaryotes.

A

i

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5
Q

Compare primary and secondary endosymbiosis.

a. Identify the number of separate genomes in organisms with plastids.

A

i

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6
Q

Describe the basic characteristics of each of the four Supergroups.
a. Classify protists into one of the Supergroups or smaller clades (see list of names at the end of this document) based on present characteristics.

A

i

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7
Q

Supergroup

A

i

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8
Q

Heterotroph

A

i

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9
Q

Autotroph

A

i

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10
Q

Mixotroph

A

both photosynthetic and heterotrophic

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11
Q

Endomembrane system

A

i

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12
Q

Primary endosymbiosis

A

engulfing of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium by a heterotrophic eukaryote

First transfer of photosynthesis from a prokaryote to a eukaryote

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13
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis

A

heterotrophic eukaryote ate a photosynthetic eukaryote

Usually a red or green algae
Spread photosynthesis to 3 out of 4 supergroups
Photosynthetic eukaryote becomes the new plastid

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14
Q

Plastid

A

is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms. They are considered to be intracelluar endosymbiotic Cyanobacteria

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15
Q

Nucleomorph

A

i

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16
Q

Phytoplankton

A

diatom
subgroup Stramenopiles
supergroup SAR

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17
Q

Zooplankton

A

Unicellular organisms that move via cilia
cilliates
subrgoup alveolates
supergroup SAR

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18
Q

Accessory pigment

A

i

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19
Q

Macronucleus

A 
transcriptional active (produces RNA)
in cilliates
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20
Q

Micronucleus

A

exchange of genetic material during conjugation

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21
Q

Pseudopodia

A

false feet

in rhizorans

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22
Q

Alga

A

i

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23
Q

Amoeba

A

i

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24
Q

Plasmodium (syncytium)

A

parasite that causes malaria

subgroup; apicomplexan

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25
Colonial
i
26
Endosymbiosis
is a symbiotic relationship where one thing lives inside another
27
Examples of Endosymbiosis
Mitochondria used to be a heterotrophic, O2 using prokaryote All derived from a common ancestor Chloroplasts used to be a photosynthetic prokaryote • Arose multiple times
28
Name the supergroups of eukaryotes?
``` 4 supergroups Excavata SAR Archaeplastida Unikonts ```
29
Supergroup Excavata
Excavates have an “excavated” feeding groove, based on cytoskeletal morphology
30
What are the monophyletic clades of Excavata?
3 monophyletic clades: • Diplomonads • Parabasalids • Euglenozoans
31
Describe the Diplomonads
Mitochondria: mitosomes (lack functional ETC) Metabolism: anaerobic pathways Nutritional Mode: parasites (ex; giardia intestinalis beaver fever) NUclei; 2 equal sized Flagella: Multiple Other features:
32
Describe the Parabasalids
Mitochondria: reduced called hydrogenosomes Metabolism: anaerobic releasing H as by product Nutritional Mode: parasite (ex; Trichomonas vaginalis STI) NUclei Flagella: 2 Other features: undulating membranes
33
Describe the Euglenozoans
Mitochondria: Single, large (Kinetoplastids) Metabolism: * Nutritional Mode: Predatory heterotrophs, autotrophs, mixotrophs, parasites Nuclei: * Flagella: Crystalline rod inside one of their flagella Other features: Light detectors (Euglenids)
34
Supergroup SAR
Very large group defined by DNA similarities (biggest and most diverse) (Excavata was based on morphology )
35
What are the 3 monophyletic clades of SAR?
Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians
36
What is included in the clade Stramenopiles?
Diatoms Brown algae Oomcyetes
37
What is included in the clade Alveolates ?
Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates
38
What is included in the clade Rhizarians ?
Forams Radiolarians Cercozoans
39
What are the diagnostic features of subgroup Stramenopiles?
2 flagella | 1 with hairlike projections 1 smooth
40
What are the diagnostic features of subgroup Alveolates?
Membrane bound sac (Alveoli) under the plasma membrane
41
What are the diagnostic features of subgroup Rhizarians?
Amoebas and flagellated protists with pseudopodia
42
Diatoms
subgroup Stramenopiles Unicellular algae with a silica covering made of two pieces ~10,000 species Phytoplankton Main cause of shellfish poisoning due to the toxins they produce Can result in huge “blooms”
43
Brown Algae
subgroup Stramenopiles Multicellular, mostly marine “seaweeds’ Alternation of generations life cycle (plant life cycle) Brown due to carotenoids (accessory pigment) in their plastids Have specialized structures such as Holdfasts – anchorage Stipe – “stem” Blades – “leaves” Above arose independently from similar features in plants -> analogous structures Golden algae and oomycetes (used to be called water moulds(fungal but new molecular evidence found they look more like protists) are also included in this group
44
Dinoflagellates
Subgroup Alveolates Cells are reinforced by cellulose plates (groove in the middle) Contains 2 flagella within grooves (they spin when they move) Photoautotrophic (through secondary endosymbiosis), mixotrophic and heterotrophic aquatic organisms Causes “red tide”, blooms in the ocean Can produce toxins
45
Apicomplexans
Subgroup Alveolates Unicellular parasites of animals Contains sporozoites, specialized cells that invade host cells Ex. Plasmodium, parasite that causes malaria Have complex life cycles with asexual and sexual stages and which require 1-2 hosts
46
Ciliates
Subgroup Alveolates Unicellular organisms (zooplankton) that move via cilia Most are predators that feed on bacteria and algae Have 2 nuclei: Micronucleus -> exchange of genetic material during conjugation Macronucleus -> transcriptional active (produces RNA) Reproduce via binary fission
47
Radiolarians
Subgroup Rhizarians Have delicate, symmetrical internal silica skeletons Pseuodpodia(thin) radiate from central body Mostly marine
48
Foraminiferans(Forams)
Subgroup Rhizarians Name means “little hole” for their porous shells (tests) Made of calcium carbonate Pseudopodia extend through the pores for moving, feeding, and building the shell Aquatic, both marine and freshwater 90% of all forams are known from fossils
49
Cercozoans
Subgroup Rhizarians Amoeboid and flagellated protists Common in marine, freshwater and soil ecosystems Heterotrophs (most) and parasites (many) and predators
50
Describe the Supergroup Archaeplastida
Composed of red algae, green algae and land plants Monophyletic clade common ancestor is an ancient protist that engulfed a cyanobacterium
51
Red Algae
~600 species, red due to accessory pigment phycoerythrin (allows it to absorbs blue or green light) Absorbs blue and green light Most abundant large algae in tropical marine habitats Multicellular, still considered “seaweeds” Commonly eaten as a food source (Nori in sushi)
52
Green Algae
~7000+ species Single-celled and multicellular Green due to chlorophyll in their chloroplasts Paraphyletic group: Chlorophytes -> mostly freshwater and terrestrial species • Can be unicellular, multicellular and/or colonial Charophytes -> closely related to land plants (next topic)
53
Describe the Supergroup Unikonts ? what are the2 major clades
Includes animals, fungi, and some protists Two major clades: Amoebozoans Opisthokonts Each clade is supported by molecular systematics and analysis of myosin proteins However, we don’t know the root of the Eukaryotic tree at the Unikonts • We don’t know which group of Eukaryotes came first
54
What do the Amoebozoans include?
Slime Moulds Tubulinids Entameobas
55
what do the Opisthokonts include?
Nucleariids Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals
56
Amoebozoans
Includes amoebas with lobe or tube-shaped pseudopods
57
What 2 forms do slime moulds occur in?
Plasmodial slime moulds | Cellular slime moulds (single cell)
58
Slime Moulds
( Mycetozoans,formerly Myxomycota) Produce fruiting bodies that aid in spore dispersal But no longer considered fungi -> convergent evolution
59
Plasmodial slime moulds
Form a mass called plasmodium (syn. syncytium), a single- celled cytoplasm containing many nuclei Produced via mitosis that does not end in cytokinesis Extends pseudopodia through substrate to feed (phagocytosis) When environment dries, stops expanding and produces sporangia
60
Cellular slime moulds
Feeding stage consists of solitary cells but join together when food is depleted, forming aggregated amoebas that produce stalked sporangia for spore dispersal
61
Tubulinids
Unicellular protists found in soil and aquatic environments Most are heterotrophs, eating bacteria and other protists Ex Amoeba proteus Free-living
62
Entamoebas
Parasites, infecting vertebrates Ex. Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery, which is spread by contaminated water
63
What 2 groups remain uncertain and why?
There are two major groups of protists that remain uncertain So hard to isolate and culture, grouping them based on morphology and/or DNA is near impossible • Haptophytes • Cryptomonads
64
What is the strongest evidence of the EST?
``` Residual nuclei (nucleomorphs) are strongest evidence of EST Rhizaria and cryptonomads ```

BIOLOGY 1030 (17 decks)

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