Bacteria and Fungi Flashcards
Coccus
(spherical) – Coccus sp. (in pairs diplococci, chains streptococci, bunches like grapes staphylococci)
Bacillus
(rod-shaped) – Bacillus sp.
Gram+
bacteria have simple cell walls > peptidoglycan (dark purple)
Some gram-positive strains are also resistant
“Super bugs” such as Staphylococcus aureus (ie MRSA)
alcohol rinse does not remove crystal violet
Gram–
bacteria have cell walls < peptidoglycan, but more lipopolysaccarhides (pale red)
More toxic due to the lipopolysaccharides
More protected due to outer lipopolysaccharide layer(lipo is hydrophobic so it will keep stuff out)
More anti-biotic resistant
Many antibiotics disrupt the peptidoglycans in the cell….no peptidoglycans, no disruption!
Very high in peptidoglycan means the antibiotic will disrupt those linkages and easily get through the bacterial cell
Peptidoglycan
Structural carbohydrate composed of sugars cross-linked with short polypeptides
makes up the cell wall of bacteria
Photoheterotroph
Energy source- light
Carbon source- Organic compounds
Types of organisms- Unique to certain aquatic and salt-loving prokaryotes (for example, Rhodobacter, Chloroflexus)
Photoautotroph
Energy source- light
Carbon source- CO2, HCO3−, or related compound
Types of organisms- Photosynthetic prokaryotes (for example, cyanobacteria); plants; certain protists (for example, algae)
Chemoautotroph
Energy source- Inorganic chemicals (such as H2S, NH3, or Fe2+)
Carbon source- CO2, HCO3−, or related compound
Types of organisms- Unique to certain prokaryotes (for example, Sulfolobus)
Chemoheterotroph
Energy source- Organic compounds
Carbon source- Organic compounds
Types of organisms- Many prokaryotes (for example, Clostridium) and protists; fungi; animals; some plants
What are the 3 main shapes that prokaryotes come in?
Coccoid
Bacilli
Spiral – Spirillum sp.
Endospore
are types of resistant cells produced by prokaryotes to survive harsh environments
(Bacterial cell replicates its DNA and surrounds it in a super resistant layer of the endospore wall as soon as chromosome has been released it will lyse the cell and the endospore will exist in the environment by itself and when conditions are favorable again the cell wall around the endospore will break the bacteria will reestablish )
Can survive boiling water (Need extreme heat and pressure to kill)
Can remain dormant for centuries
Taxis
movement towards or away from a stimulus
Probiotic
something we eat to help establish healthy populations of “good” bacteria
Halophile
“salt loving”, live in super haline (salty) places
Thermophile
“heat loving”, thermal vents, geysers, volcanic hot springs (think Yellowstone)
Acidophile
acid loving”, human gut, volcanic features
Methanogen
release methane
Found in marshes, cattle guts (cow farts)
Important decomposers in the environment
Filamentous
i
Septate
divided, allowing large macromolecules to pass between hyphal cells
Coenocytic
(lacking septa/no divisions) with a continuous cytoplasmic mass
Fruiting body
reproductive structure (mushroom we eat)
Haplontic
dominantly haploid stage
Plasmogamy
fusion of cytoplasm’s from parental mycelia)
Heterokaryon
“multiple nuclei”
When the fungus is in the dikaryotic stage, we say it is a heterokaryon since its mycelium contains two genetically different nuclei within its cytoplasm
Dikaryotic
two haploid nuclei from each parent”, a transition stage between haplontic and diplontic where plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm’s from parental mycelia) has occurred, but karyogamy (fusion of nuclei, thus completing fertilization) has not
Karyogamy
fusion of nuclei, thus completing fertilization
Zygosporangium
produces the zygote (zygospore)
a sturdy multinucleate structure in which karyogamy and meiosis occur produced by plasmogamy
represents the zygote (2n) stage in the life cycle, it is not a zygote in the usual sense (that is, a cell with one diploid nucleus)
a zygosporangium is a multinucleate structure, first heterokaryotic with many haploid nuclei from the two parents, then with many diploid nuclei after karyogamy.
zygospore
diploid nuclei produced by karogamy in zygomycetes
Ascocarp
the fruiting body of a sac fungus
contain spore forming asci
Ascus
a saclike spore capsule located at the tip of a dikaryotic hypha of a sac of fungi
Ascospores
(sexual spore) are produced in dikaryotic asci contained within ascocarps
Conidoispores
are produced in structures called conidiophores
Basidiocarp
fruiting body of a dikaryotic mycelium of a club fungus
Basidiospore
sexual spore) are produced in dikaryotic basidia contained within basidiocarps
Mycobiont
o
Photobiont
o
Arbuscular mycorrhizal
(endomycorrhizal) -> Have branched hyphae called arbuscules that penetrate plant host cells to exchange nutrient
What are the 2 main types of mycorrhizae?
Ectomycorrhizal fungi form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a root and typically grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (from the Latin arbor, tree) extend branching hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination (pushing inward) of the root cell plasma membrane
How do fungi reproduce?
Fungi reproduce via spores, which can be produced sexually (meiospores) or asexually (mitospores)