Animal diversity Terms Flashcards
Diplontic life cycle
refers to the life cycle of organisms, which is dominated by the diploid stage.
Asymmetry
is the absence of, or a violation of, symmetry
Radial symmetry
symmetry in which the body is shaped like a pie or barrel (lacks a left and right side) and can be divided into mirror imaged haves by any plane through its central axis
Oral–Aboral axis
cnidarians have this
single body axis- have their mouth on the oral surface and their opposite side is the aboral surface
Bilateral symmetry
A central longitudinal plane divides the body into 2 equal but opposite halves
Cephalization
evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment at the anterior end of the body)
Anterior
front
posterior
back
dorsal
top
ventral
bottom
Diploblastic
having only 2 germ layers
germ layers means tissues
Triploblastic
Having 3 germ layers: the endoderm mesoderm and ectoderm; most eumetazoans are this
Endoderm
the innermost germ layer, lines the pouch that forms during gastrulation (the archenteron) and gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and organs such as liver lungs of vertebrates
Mesoderm
The middle primary germ layer in a triploblastic animal(bilaterally symmetrical animals) embryo that forms after gastrulation which fills the space between the ecto and endoderm that develops into the notochord the lining of the coelom muscles skeleton gonads kidneys and most of circulatory system (most organs between digestive tract and outer covering of the animal)
Ectoderm
the outermost of the 3 primary germ layers; covering the surface of the embryo gives rise to outer covering of animal and in some phlya the central nervous system, inner ear and lens of the eye
Coelom
true body cavity- found in large animals(called coelomates) - a body cavity between the digestive tract (derived from the endoderm) and the outer body wall (ectoderm); Forms from tissue derived from the mesoderm
Acoelomate
some triploblastic animals are compact and lack a body cavity
Small and or flat animals that don’t require internal transport and circulation system instead rely on diffusion
archenteron just vanishes
Pseudocoelomate
Animals with only a hemocoel
(Eu)coelomate
any animal that has a true coelom (fluid filled body cavity) which surrounds the gut and is lined on both sides by mesoderm.
True Tissue
eumetazoans
Segmentation
is the division of some animal and plant body plans into a series of repetitive segments
Determinate development
A type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts(determines) the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early
Deuterostome
deuteros= second)
in animals a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the anus from the blastopore; also characterized by radial and indeterminate cleavage and by the body cavity forming as out pockets of mesodermal tissue
Schizocoely
the process by which protostome animal embryos develop; it occurs when a coelom (body cavity) is formed by splitting the mesodermal embryonic tissue
Indeterminate development
a type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in which each cell produced by early cleavage divisions keeps the ability to develop into a complete embryo
Invertebrates
an animal without a backbone; make up 95% of animal species
Enterocoely
the process by which deuterostome animal embryos develop; the coelom forms from pouches “pinched” off of the digestive tract
Mesohyl
gelatinous region that separates the 2 layers of the sponge body
Choanoderm
a type of cell layer composed of flagellated collar cells, or choanocytes, found in sponges.
Pincaocytes
one of the flat cells covering the external surface and lining the incurrent and excurrent canals of sponges
are part of the epithelium in sponges. They play a roll in movement (contracting and stretching), cell adhesion, signaling, phagocytosis, and polarity
are filled with mesohyl
Spicules
tough sharp skeletal fibers made of calcium carbonate or silica
found in sponges (exoskeleton)
made by amoebocytes
Totipotent
can differentiate into other types of sponge cells, like stem cells- can transform into any cell type that is needed by body
Pluripotent
a cell that can give rise to many but not all parts of an organism
Multipotent
have the ability to form multiple types of cells
Gastrovascular cavity
a central cavity with a single opening in the body of certain animals, including cnidarians that function in digestion and distribution of nutrients
Epidermis
Outer cell layer of body wall of cnidarians; derived from ectoderm
Mesoglea
gelatinous layer sandwiched between the epidermis and gastrodermis found in cnidarians
Polyp
cylindrical forms that adhere to the substrate by the aboral end of their body( the end opposite the mouth) and extend their tentacles waiting for prey, sessile variant of cnidarian body plan
Medusa
a flattened mouth down version of the polyp
Cnidocyte
cells unique to cnidarians; contain a capsule like organelle housing a coiled thread that when discharges explodes outward and that function in defense and prey capture
Super organism
is a group of synergetically interacting organisms of the same species.
Blastopore
in a gastrula the opening of the archenteron that typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and mouth in protostomes, (the indentation that during gastrulation leads to the formation of the archenteron)
Pentaradial symmetry
is a form of radial symmetry where body parts are organized around anoral or aboral axis in sets of five. Pentaradial symmetry allows sedentary animals to have sensory, feeding, and other structures evenly apportioned around the body’s axis.
ex- echinoderms
Water vascular system
a network of hydraulic canals unique to echinoderms that branches into extensions called tube feet
Notochord
A longitudinal flexible rod made of tightly packed mesoderm cells that runs along the anterior posterior axis of chordate in the dorsal part of the body
Pharyngeal gill arches/slits
in chordate embryos one of the slits that form from pharyngeal clefts and communicate to the outside later developing into gill slits in many vertebrates
Post-anal tail
Have tail that extend posterior to the anus, contains skeletal elements and muscles helps propel many aquatic species
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube located dorsal to the notochord; is unique to chordates
Nerve cord of the embryo develops into the central nervous system; brain spinal cords
Jaws
gnathostomes
Mammary gland
made up of connective tissue, fat, and tissue that contains the glands that can make milk
Continuous growth
Lophotrochozoa exhibit this type of growth
Lophophore
in some lophotrochozoan animals inlcuding brachipods a crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding
Trochophore
distinctive larvae stage observed in some Lophotrochozoan including some annelids and molluscs
Free-living
ex- planarians that are flatworms and in phyla Lophotrochozoans
Parasitic
ex- tapeworms and trematodes
Muscular foot
a muscular structure used for movement
Visceral mass
contains most inetrnal organs
Mantle
fold of tissue the drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell (exoskeleton)
Mantle cavity
a water filled chamber that houses the gills anus and excretory pores of a mollusc
Radula
a straplike organ used by many molluscs to scrape food
Chromatophores
are pigment-containing cells that occur in the integument and internal organs. Their function is to adjust the body coloration to its surroundings, depending upon the situation (e.g., protection, mating behavior, antagonistic displays).
Parapodia
(beside feet) a pair of prominent paddle like or ridge like structures
used by annelids to swim
Palps
food particles suspended in water enter through the incurrent siphon are collected by the gills and passed to the mouth by palps and cilia
Cuticle
the exoskeleton of an arthropod consisting of layers of protein that are variously modified by different functions; a tough coat that covers the body of a nematode
Exoskeleton
a hard encasement on the surface of an animal such as the shell of a mollusc or cuticle of an arthropod that provides protection and points of attachment for muscles
Step-wise growth
Ecdysozoa exhibit this type of growth
Moulting
a process in ecdysozoans in which the exoskeleton is shed at intervals allowing growth by the production of a larger exoskeleton
Uniramous
A type of appendage that is characteristic of insects and other members of the subphylum Uniramia. It consists of an unbranched series of segments
Biramous
branches into two, and each branch consists of a series of segments attached end-to-end.
Chelicera
one of a pair of clawlike feeding appendages characteristic of chelicerates
Tagma
compound body section of an arthropod resulting from embryonic fusion of two or more somites (as the cephalothorax of a spider) or consisting of two or more distinguishable segments (as the thorax of an insect)
Cephalothorax
the fused head and thorax of spiders and other chelicerate arthropods.
Complete Metamorphosis
transformation of a larva into an adult that looks very different and often functions very differently in its environment than the larva
Incomplete metamorphosis
in grasshoppers, in which the young called nymphs resemble adults but are smaller and have different body proportions, the nymph goes through a series of molts each time looking more like an adult until it reaches full size
Chemoheterotrophic
get their fuel/energy from other organisms
autotrophic
capable of making their own food- thru photosynthesis
tissues
(groups of similar cells that act as functional unit)
blastula
Takes the form of a hollow ball of cells that marks end of cleavage stage
gastrulation
Series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula- stage embryo folds inward producing a 3 layered embryo the gastrula
gastrula
Encompasses the formation of 3 layers: ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm
Larvae
sexually immature form of an animal that is morphogically distinct from the adult usually eats different food and may even have a different habitat than the adult
metamorphosis
A developmental transformation that turns the animal into a juvenile that resembles an adult but is not sexually mature
blastocoel
a cavity surrounded by blastula (hollow ball of cells)
before gastrulation
archenteron
the endoderm lined cavity formed during gastrulation that develops into the digestive tract of an animal)
Hox genes
play important roles in the development of animal embryos controlling the expression of dozens or even hundreds of other genes that influence animal morphology
Bilaterians
an enormous clade whose members- unlike sponges and cnidarians have 2 sided bilaterally symmetric form and a complete digestive tract an efficient digestive system that as a mouth at one end and anus at another
blastopore
in a gastrula the opening of the archenteron that typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and mouth in protostomes, the indentation that during gastrulation leads to the formation of the archenteron
Chemoheterotrophic
get their fuel/energy from other organisms
Collagen
protein outside of cell membrane providing structural support to animal cells and connect them to one another
cleavage
A succession of mitotic cell division without cell growth between the divisions converts zygote to a ball of cells
Body cavities
fluid filled spaces located between different tissue layers found in almost all animals, between the digestive tract and body wall
Hemocoel
false body cavity)- in triploblastic animals a 2nd fluid filled body cavity type between the endoderm and mesoderm that is a remnant of blastocoel- prominent in many invertebrates
hemolymph
The fluid inside that exchanges nutrients and waste within internal tissues
like your blood and is circulated through body cavity in an open circulatory system
Protostome
in animals a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the mouth from the blastopore; also characterized by spiral cleavage and by the body cavity forming when solid masses of mesoderm split
(Most triploblasts are protostomes)
Spiral cleavage
a type of embryonic development in protostomes in which the planes of cell division that transforms the zygote into a ball of cells are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo, as a result the cells of each tier sit on the grooves between cells of adjacent tiers
Radial cleavage
a type of embryonic development in Deuterostomes in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo aligning tiers of cells one above the other
archenteron
The pouch formed by gastrulation which opens to the outside via the blastopore and the endoderm of it develops into to tissue lining the animal digestive tract
vertebrates
Animals with a backbone
suspension feeders
feed by sifting small organisms or food particles) capture food particles suspended in the water that passes through their body which in some species resembles a sac perforated with pores
Spongocoel
central cavity which receives water drawn in by pores
Osculum
large opening through which water flows out, connects spongocoel to environment
Choanocytes
(line the interior of Spongocoel) a flagellated feeding cell found in sponges(also called collar cell) it has collar like rings that traps food particles around the base of its flagellum
Amoebocytes
a amoeba like cell that moves by pseudopodia
type of cell found in sponges
Hermaphrodites
sponges are this) each individual function as both male and female in sexual reproduction by producing sperm and eggs
epidermis
Outer layer-derived from ectoderm
gastrodermis
Inner layer
Nematocysts
specialized cnidae that contain a stinging threat that can penetrate the body wall of the cnidarians prey
Protonephridia
network of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bulbs that pull fluid through branched ducts opening to the outside
alimentary canal
digestive tube with 2 openings a mouth and anus- most bilaterans have this
Ammonites
named for a key characteristic amniotic egg which contains specialized membranes including the fluid filled amnion that protect the embryo
Moulting
a process in ecdysozoans in which the exoskeleton is shed at intervals allowing growth by the production of a larger exoskeleton
Chordates
members of the phylum choradata, animals that at some point during their development have a notochord; a dorsal hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits or clefts and a muscular post anal tail
Hagfish
Aquatic jawless vertebrates in the class Myxini that have highly reduced vertebrae and a skull made of cartilage
Lampreys
aquatic jawless vertebrates in the class Petromyzontida with vertebrae and skeleton made of cartilage
Gnathostome
jaw mouth) member of the vertebrate subgroup possessing jaws
Lateral line system
a series of pores and receptor units along the sides of the body in fished and aquatic amphibians detects water movements made by the animal itself and by other moving objects
oviparous
type of development in which young hatch from eggs laid outside the mothers body
ovoviviparous
type of development in which the young hatch from eggs that are retained in the mothers uterus
viviparous
type of development in which the young are born alive after having been nourished in the uterus by blood from the placenta or by eating other eggs
operculum
In aquatic osteichthyans a protective bony flap that covers and protects the gills
Swim bladder
In aquatic osteichthyans an air sac that enables the animal to control its buoyancy in the water
amniotic egg
an egg that contains specialized membranes that function in protection nourishment and gas exchanges
Amnion
fluid filled sac containing the embryo
Yolk sac
food source for embryo (early development the embryo is a group of cells adjacent to the yolk and as it grows it gets bigger and bigger and yolk gets smaller
Allantois
handles waste and gas exchange
Chorion
helps with gas exchange
ectothermic
the thermal strategy whereby body temperature is determined primarily by the external environment
endothermic
body temperature is warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism
Hominin
a member of the human branch of the evolutionary tree includes homo sapiens ad our ancestors a group of extinct species that are more closely related to us than chimpanzees
Placental mammal
whose young complete their embryonic development within the uterus joined to the mother by the placenta
placenta
a structure in the pregnant uterus for nourishing a viviparous fetus with the mothers blood supply formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes
