Animal Form and Function Flashcards
Regulation
using internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation
Conformation
allowing internal conditions to change in accordance with external changes in a particular variable
Homeostasis
the steady state physiological condition of the body
maintaining a constant internal environment when the external changes a lot
Epithelium
Sheets of closely packed cells (because of this they act as barriers against injury fluid loss and pathogens)
Cover the outside of the body and line organs (arteries esophagus)
Surfaces like skin
Squamous
FUNCTION
cells that are:
thin(only single layer of cells) and leaky allow materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration (permeable to many things)
secrete lubricating substances
LOCATION
air sacs of lungs and the lining of the heart blood vessels and lymphatic vessels lung lining
Cuboidal
FUNCTION
cells that secrete and absorb
LOCATION
make up epithelium of kidney tubules many glands, thyroid and salivary
Columnar
FUNCTION
cells found where absorption and secretion is important (secrete mucous and enzymes)
LOCATION
ciliated tissue are in bronchi uterine tubes and uterus; smooth nonciliated are in digestive tract and bladder
lines intestines secreting digestive juices and absorbing nutrients
Organs
composed of several different tissues
Organ system
groups of organs that work together
What are the 4 main types of tissue?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle tissue
nervous tissue
What are the types of Epithelial cells?
Simple squamous epithelial simple cuboidal epithelium stratified squamous epithelium simple columnar epithelium pseudostratified columnar
What are the types of Epithelial cells?
Simple squamous epithelial simple cuboidal epithelium stratified squamous epithelium simple columnar epithelium pseudostratified columnar
Stratified
FUNCTION multilayered and regenerate quickly found on protective surfaces( because things can't pass through as easily so good protective membranes ) impermeable to most materials good against abrasions
LOCATION
lines the esophagus mouth and vagina lining body surfaces
Pseudostratified
FUNCTION
a single layer of cells
secretes mucus; ciliated tissue move mucus
LOCATION
ciliated tissue lines the trachea and much of the upper respiratory tract
What do cuboidal columnar and Pseudostratified have in common?
thicker(things cant move in as freely) ; good at absorption and secretion some are ciliated
Stratified
FUNCTION multilayered and regenerate quickly found on protective surfaces/protective barrier( because things can't pass through as easily, so good membrane ) impermeable to most materials good against abrasions
LOCATION
lines the esophagus mouth and vagina lining body surfaces
What is the most common protein in the body?
collagen
Connective tissue
Typically, sparsely distributed cells in a secreted matrix holds tissues and organs in place like a skeleton for the cell
Spread out
fibroblasts
secrete fiber proteins within matrix of connective tissue
macrophages
engulf foreign debris and cells by phagocytosis
What are the 3 kinds of connective tissue fibers?
- Collagenous fibers (provide strength and flexibility)
- Reticular (join connective tissue to adjacent tissue)
- Elastic (make tissue elastic, restore it back to original shape)
What are the types of connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue (under the skin)
Fibrous connective tissue (forming a tendon)
Adipose tissue (contain fat droplets)
Cartilage (skeletal elements at the end of the bone)
Bone (living organ)
Blood (plasma is matrix)
Loose CT
most widespread
under the skin holds organs in place
found in skin and throughout body
has all 3 types of fibers
Skeletal muscle
responsible for voluntary movements
made of unbranched fibers
striated- features repeating functional units called sarcomeres stripe like appearance
attached to bones by tendons
Cardiac muscle
made of branched fibers forms contractile wall of heart striated responsible for contraction of heart has fibers that interconnect via intercalated discs which relay signals from cell to cell and synchronize heart condition
Smooth muscle
made of spindle shaped cells
unstriated
found in the walls of the digestive tract arteries urinary bladder and other internal organs
responsible for involuntary movements(contraction of internal organs)
ex- churning of stomach and constriction of arteries
Nervous tissue
functions in receiving transmitting and processing info
sense stimuli and transmits signals called nerve impulses from one part of animal to another
Loose CT
most widespread
under the skin holds organs in place
found in skin and throughout body
made up of loose weave of fibers- has all 3 types of fibers
Fibrous CT
(forming a tendon) made of parallel fibers collagenous fibers found in tendons and ligaments connects bones and muscles
Bone
(living organ)
made up of collagen fibers in calcium salts
found in rigid parts of skeleton
gives support to body
living tissue that secretes a really hard matrix that holds the cells in place
Cartilage
(skeletal elements at the end of the bone in our noses and ears, and joints where they cushion one bone to another)
rubbery collagenous matrix
found in flexibel parts of skeleton
provides support
skeleton of embryo which gets replaced by bones
Adipose
contain/stores fat droplets in adipose cells distributed throughout matrix
serves as storage padding and insulation
Blood
plasma is matrix which consist of water proteins and salts
transports nutrients gases and waste materials
muscle tissue
responsible for body movement
muscle tissue
responsible for body movement
composed of long cells called muscle fibers
How many major organ systems in vertebrates /
12 major
What are examples of negative feedback loops?
Body temp Blood ph Blood sugar levels Blood calcium levels Thyroid hormone levels Bile production
What are examples of Positive feedback loops ?
Blood clotting- once it starts it triggers more blood clotting
Uterine contractions during child birth (mediated by oxytocin) (Each contraction increases strength and timing of next and it grows and grows until baby is born )
Male ejaculation (mediated by oxytocin)
Less common than negative feedback loops
Positive feedback loops
Amplify changes rather than dampen them (If it sees temperature rising it increases that temperature)
Less common than negative feedback loops
Grows out of control (if it amplifies changes the changes are going to get bigger and bigger until the system breaks)
Which part of the brain is involved in homeostasis?
hypothalamus
warm receptors signal the hypothalamic thermostat when temperature increases vice versa
What happens when temperature is below body range?
when the body temperature decreases- stimulus
a bundle of nerve cells in the hypothalamus(control centre and sensor) and act as thermostats and inhibits heat loss mechanisms and activates heat saving ones
skeletal muscles contracting causing shivering generating heat and blood vessels in skin constricting reducing heat loss of skins surface (responses)
body temp increases
What happens when temperature is above body range?
the thermostat in hypothalamus activates and shuts down heat retention mechanisms and promotes cooling of the body by blood vessels in skin dilating filing capillaries with warm blood which radiates heat away from the body and sweat glands secrete sweat which evaporates cooling the body and the body temp decreases
Anatomy
shapes of organisms
physiology
how things work, how different cells metabolize
what did Lamarck believe?
form follows function
The more you use something the stronger it will be
Giraffes needing to reach high areas will cause their necks to grow and will cause their offspring to have long necks
What did Darwin believe?
form precedes function
If you have a long neck you will be more likely to survive
In any case you can learn a lot about one by observing the other
An animal’s form is not perfect
Congenital mirror movement disorder
few axons are going to left hand some to right and his left fingers are mirroring the left and he cant control it
Explain how
Animals form is not perfect
Laryngeal nerve in all vertebrae’s wraps around the aorta to operate mouth parts
This is expensive to build all that neural machinery and expensive to operate and also slow
This started with fish their brain and heart were next to each other because they don’t have necks so by chance the nerve wrapped around aorta to get to mouth parts and it evolved
Easier from a evolutionary perspective to keep this then to redesign
Right side of brain controls left side of body vice versa
All of the nerves from the right side of the brain cross to the left side of the body this just evolved this way It would have been harder in a evolutionary stand point to change
where are each of the type of tissue derived from
muscle tissue- mesoderm
epithelial- endoderm
connective- mesoderm
nervous- ectoderm
