Diversity of Cells and their Function Flashcards
Is endocytosis mediated?
often
What do phagosomes bind with?
lysosomes, forms phagolysosome
Where are sections cut to be viewed under a microscope?
microtome
What is haemotoxycylin?
basic dye, affinity for acids (turns them blue) eg nucleus
What is eosin?
acidic dye, affinity for bases e.g. proteins (turns them pink)
In what two ways are epithelia mainly seen?
as glands or sheets covering surfaces
What is a squamous shape?
flat
What does simple epithelium mean?
1 layer
What does stratified epithelium mean?
2 + layers
What does pseudostratified epithelium mean?
appears to me multilayered, but sits on basal lamina
How many main types of muscle cells are there?
3 (smooth, skeletal, cardiac)
What does glandular epithelia produce?
secretory products e.g. sweat
Where are secretory products released in endocrine glands?
Endocrine glands: product secreted toward the basal end of the cell (end sitting on basal lamina), then distributed by the vascular system throughout the body. Termed ‘ductless’ glands.
Where are secretory products released in exocrine glands?
Exocrine glands: product secreted toward the apical end of the cell either into the lumen of an internal space, into a duct, or onto the body surface. Termed ‘ducted’ glands.
Do endocrine glands have ducts?
no
What are the subtypes of connective tissue?
hard, soft (and blood and lymph)
What does the extracellular matrix is connective tissue consist of?
Fibres: collagen, reticular and elastic fibers
Ground substance: an amorphous, space occupying material made of huge unbranched polysaccharide molecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), most of which are bound to protein cores to form glycoproteins
Tissue fluid
What do cells of connective tissue consist of?
Fibroblasts
Adipose cells
Osteocytes
Chondrocytes: cells of cartilage
What are fibroblasts?
widely distributed cells that produce and maintain the extracellular matrix.
What are adipose cells?
fat cells, found scattered in many connective tissues, but predominant cell in adipose tissue (fat)
What are osteocytes?
cells of bone
What are chondrocytes?
cells of cartilage
How can soft connective tissue also be classified?
dense or loose
Where does cartilage receive nutrients from?
from adjacent tissues by diffusion through its matrix
What are the 3 types of cartilage and what defines them?
hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage. Defined by extracellular matrix
Which is the most common type of cartilage and where is it found?
Hyaline, found in Articular surfaces
Tracheal rings
Costal cartilage
Epiphyseal growth plates
What makes up the shaft of bone?
An outer shell of dense cortical bone (diaphysis)
What occupies the ends of the bone (the epiphyses)?
trabecular or cancellous (fine aero-bar like mesh) bone
What is force within muscle produced by?
movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres, with the aid of a number of accessory proteins.
What is smooth muscle also called?
involuntary or visceral
Does smooth muscle have visible striations?
No -that’s why it is smooth
Which type of muscle has a cigar shaped nucleus?
Smooth
What are skeletal muscles also called?
voluntary or striated muscle
Are skeletal muscle single or multinucleated?
Multi
What is the cell membrane called in muscle cells?
sarcolemma
What are nuclei in skeletal muscle like?
elongated, lie to periphery of cell
Are cardiac muscle striations more or less prominent than skeletal muscle?
less
In which type of muscle do intercalated discs pass through at irregular intervals?
cardiac
What does nervous tissue consist of?
neurones and glia
What is the ratio of glia to neurons?
10:1
What is the connective tissue coat called in the CNS?
Meninges
What is the connective tissue coat called in the PNS?
Epineurium
What are the 3 main types of glia in the CNS and what do they do?
Astrocytes: support, ion transport
Oligodenrocytes: produce myelin
Microglia: provide immune
surveillance
What are the principal glia in the PNS?
Schwann cells
